Cardiovascular
A comparatively large number of papers exist on cardiovascular questions, including around 50 human studies — mostly small controlled or observational studies as well as case reports — supplemented by extensive preclinical research in animal and cell models, for example on heart attack and vascular damage.
In humans, the studies mainly examined inhalation of H₂ gas and hydrogen-rich water, for example in high blood pressure, after cardiovascular events, or in connection with vascular function and blood lipid values. Endpoints included blood pressure, markers of oxidative stress and inflammation as well as parameters of vascular function.
Some studies suggest favorable changes in risk markers, but the results are inconsistent and rest on small participant numbers and short durations. Evidence for a benefit on hard endpoints (such as heart attack or mortality) is lacking; H₂ is no substitute for guideline-based cardiovascular treatment.
Human studies on molecular hydrogen for Cardiovascular. This page collects the 131 studies catalogued in this area — 11 randomized trials, 42 pilot/observational studies and 35 reviews. Listed newest first.
2026 · Seneff — The essential role of hydrogen gas recycling by gut microbes in reducing deuterium load in host mitochondria: is trimethylamine oxide a deuterium sensor?
This hypothesis paper proposes that the gut microbiome's recycling of molecular hydrogen plays a role in keeping mitochondria supplied with deuterium-depleted water — and that TMAO (a gut-derived metabolite elevated in many chronic diseases) may function as a marker for impaired deuterium management.
2026 · Nguyen Puente — Emerging Clinical Applications for Molecular Hydrogen
Inhaled molecular hydrogen (H₂) has accumulated a growing body of encouraging clinical findings across neurological, cardiovascular, oncological and respiratory conditions — yet the evidence base remains constrained by small study sizes, inconsistent methodology, and a lack of standardised delivery systems.
2026 · Pan — Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogen Production from Nanomaterials: Design, Regulation and Biomedical Applications
H₂ gas has broad therapeutic potential, but its low solubility and lack of targeted delivery limit clinical use — nanotechnology offers a solution through stimuli-responsive nanomaterials that produce H₂ on demand at disease sites.
2025 · Kornieieva — Exploring the Potential of Molecular Hydrogen in Different Heart Failure Models: A Review
This is the first systematic review summarising all published research on molecular hydrogen (H₂) as a potential treatment in different heart failure models.
2025 · Xu — Innovations in peritoneal dialysis fluid: biocompatible formulations and expanded therapeutic applications
Conventional peritoneal dialysis fluids cause peritoneal fibrosis and metabolic damage — new biocompatible formulations combining novel osmotic agents, advanced buffers, and molecular hydrogen aim to overcome these limitations.
2025 · Brandi — Molecular hydrogen therapy: A „democratic” emerging strategy against aging and age-related diseases
Aging is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, metabolic conditions, and cancer — this review proposes that molecular hydrogen, owing to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and senescence-regulating properties, may offer a widely accessible strategy for slowing age-related processes.
2025 · Meng — Oral Administration of Hydrogen-rich Water: Biomedical Activities, Potential Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications
Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) reduces oxidative stress, modulates inflammation, regulates metabolism, and protects mitochondrial function — this comprehensive review surveys both laboratory evidence and clinical applications of orally consumed HRW.
2025 · Li — Application Trends of Hydrogen-generating Nanomaterials for the Treatment of ROS-related Diseases
Hydrogen-producing nanomaterials allow targeted, sustained delivery of H₂ directly to sites of disease — this review surveys how combining H₂ gas therapy with nanomedicine advances treatment of cancers, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular, liver, kidney, and skin diseases driven by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS).
2024 · Dhillon — Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review
Hydrogen-rich water (HRW) — healthy or hype? A systematic review of 25 studies concludes: the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects are „encouraging“ in early clinical studies, but not yet conclusive — larger studies are needed.
2024 · Slezák — New Possibilities of the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Pathologies: The Potential of Molecular Hydrogen in the Reduction of Oxidative Stress
This review examines molecular hydrogen (H₂) as a selective antioxidant with particular promise for cardiovascular disease, where oxidative stress plays a defining role.
2024 · Wu — Evolution of Therapeutic Strategy Based on Oxidant-Antioxidant Balance for Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) — the most common primary corneal endothelial disease worldwide — is closely linked to oxidative stress and antioxidant imbalance.
2024 · Kura — The Protective Role of Molecular Hydrogen in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) — where tissue damage is paradoxically worsened when blood flow is restored after oxygen deprivation — is a major cause of harm in heart attacks, strokes, and organ transplantation.
2024 · Tsuzuki — Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Review Focused on the Contribution of Vascular Pathologies
Idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL) — an abrupt hearing loss of unknown cause, sometimes with vertigo — is believed to be primarily driven by vascular impairment of the inner ear, including cochlear ischemia and infarction.
2024 · Chen — The Role of Hydrogen in the Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Atherosclerotic Heart Disease
Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CHD) — the most common cardiovascular disease worldwide — is driven by chronic inflammation and oxidative lipid deposition in arterial walls.
2023 · Kuo — Molecular Hydrogen: Emerging Treatment for Stroke Management
Molecular hydrogen (H₂) is an emerging therapeutic approach in ischemic stroke — antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic.
2023 · Johnsen et al. — Molecular Hydrogen Therapy — A Review on Clinical Studies and Outcomes
This comprehensive review in Molecules analysed 81 identified clinical trials and 64 scientific publications on human studies of molecular hydrogen (H₂) therapy across a broad range of disease areas.
2023 · Saengsin et al. — Hydrogen Therapy as a Potential Therapeutic Intervention in Heart Disease: From the Past Evidence to Future Application
This comprehensive review in Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences synthesises in-vitro, animal, and clinical evidence for molecular hydrogen's protective effects in cardiovascular disease, covering its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.
2022 · Ahmad et al. — Narrative on Hydrogen Therapy and its Clinical Applications: Safety and Efficacy
This narrative review surveys the growing body of evidence on molecular hydrogen (H₂) as a therapeutic agent across cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, metabolic, and infectious diseases — summarising both its proposed mechanisms and current safety data.
2022 · Fu — Molecular hydrogen is a promising therapeutic agent for pulmonary disease
This review summarizes the growing body of evidence suggesting that molecular hydrogen can protect the lungs from a range of diseases — including acute lung injury, COPD, asthma, lung cancer, pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary fibrosis — through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties.
2021 · Bragina — Intestinal microbiota of athletes.
This systematic review of 14 studies finds that athletes harbour a more diverse gut microbiome than sedentary individuals, with higher proportions of bacteria that ferment complex carbohydrates into short-chain fatty acids — including species that use hydrogen gas (H₂) and formate to drive fermentation.
2021 · Chen et al. — Chemical and Biochemical Aspects of Molecular Hydrogen in Treating Kawasaki Disease and COVID-19.
Kawasaki disease and COVID-19 both involve damaging vascular inflammation; this review explores the chemical and biochemical rationale for using inhaled molecular hydrogen (H₂) in both conditions.
2021 · Sano et al. — Hydrogen Gas Therapy: From Preclinical Studies to Clinical Trials.
Hydrogen gas (H₂) has demonstrated broad therapeutic potential in preclinical and early clinical studies — from ischaemia-reperfusion injury to organ transplantation and emergency medicine — and appears safe, inexpensive, and easy to administer.
2021 · Domoki — Hydrogen-induced Neuroprotection in Neonatal Hypoxic-ischemic Encephalopathy.
In animal models of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) — a leading cause of brain damage in newborns — molecular hydrogen (H₂) has consistently shown neuroprotective effects, including preserved neurovascular function, neuronal survival, and cognitive outcomes.
2019 · Qian — Medical Application of Hydrogen in Hematological Diseases.
This review article surveys the clinical and basic research on molecular hydrogen in haematological diseases, including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) after stem cell transplantation, and summarises H₂'s established antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties.
2019 · LeBaron et al. — A New Approach for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders. Molecular Hydrogen Significantly Reduces the Effects of Oxidative Stress.
Molecular hydrogen (H₂) has been studied in preclinical and clinical settings for a wide range of cardiovascular conditions linked to oxidative stress and inflammation.
2019 · Kura et al. — Molecular hydrogen: potential in mitigating oxidative-stress-induced radiation injury.
Molecular hydrogen (H₂) may help protect against radiation-induced oxidative damage by activating the body's own antioxidant defence systems — particularly the Nrf2 pathway — and reducing lipid peroxidation.
2018 · Chen — Research progress of hydrogen-rich saline for eye diseases.
This Chinese-language review summarizes the published research on hydrogen-rich saline (and hydrogen-rich water) for the treatment of eye diseases, including glaucoma, retinal ischemia, and other ocular conditions.
2018 · Zhang — Hydrogen Therapy in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases: from Bench to Bedside
This review summarises a decade of H₂ research in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases — from animal models to early clinical trials.
2015 · Osonoi — [Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor]. (Nihon Rinsho)
This Japanese-language clinical review discusses alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (α-GI) — a class of oral antidiabetic drugs — noting that their characteristic intestinal side effects (gas, bloating) arise from hydrogen gas produced by gut bacteria fermenting undigested carbohydrates.
2013 · Takaki — Multiple hits, including oxidative stress, as pathogenesis and treatment target in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progresses through multiple simultaneous pathways — including insulin resistance, gut microbiota, and oxidative stress — and conventional antioxidants have failed in long-term trials because they act non-selectively.
2013 · Ishibashi — Molecular hydrogen: new antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy for rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) — especially the hydroxyl radical — play a central role in the joint destruction and systemic inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and molecular hydrogen (H₂) selectively neutralizes exactly this radical.
2013 · Lucas — Role of the Toll Like receptor (TLR) radical cycle in chronic inflammation: possible treatments targeting the TLR4 pathway
Activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway — triggered by environmental factors such as ozone, particulate matter, ionizing radiation, and LPS from bacteria — may underlie a wide spectrum of chronic inflammatory and neuropsychiatric diseases.
2012 · Ohno et al. — Molecular hydrogen as an emerging therapeutic medical gas for neurodegenerative and other diseases.
This review surveys the research on molecular hydrogen (H₂) across 63 disease models and human diseases documented in the four and a half years after the landmark 2007 Nature Medicine paper.
2026 · Grepl — Sixty-minute inhalation of molecular hydrogen decreases blood oxygen saturation but does not alter autonomic cardiac regulation at rest in healthy females: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study
One hour of H₂ inhalation at rest lowers blood oxygen saturation minimally (95.9% vs. 96.7%, p ≤ 0.007) without altering autonomic cardiac regulation.
2025 · Shogenova — Efficiency and Safety of the Combined Use of Thermal Heliox, Nitric Oxide and Molecular Hydrogen in COPD Exacerbation with Respiratory Failure and Pulmonary Hypertension in the Post-COVID Period
In patients hospitalized with severe COPD exacerbation after COVID-19, combining three medical gases — thermal heliox, nitric oxide, and molecular hydrogen (H₂) — alongside standard therapy produced better improvements in breathing, gas exchange, and exercise tolerance than any single gas used alone.
2024 · Dawson — Early time-restricted eating improves markers of cardiometabolic health but has no impact on intestinal nutrient absorption in healthy adults.
Eating only between 08:00 and 14:00 (early time-restricted eating, eTRE) improved blood glucose regulation in healthy adults — but left gut function completely untouched.
2023 · Deryugina — Molecular hydrogen exposure improves functional state of red blood cells in the early postoperative period: a randomized clinical study
Hydrogen inhalation during cardiac surgery with a heart-lung machine improves the state of red blood cells and the postoperative course.
2020 · Ishibashi — Peripheral endothelial function can be improved by daily consumption of water containing over 7 ppm of dissolved hydrogen: A randomized controlled trial
Highly concentrated hydrogen water (over 7 ppm) improves the endothelial function of the small arteries.
2018 · Nishimaki — Effects of Molecular Hydrogen Assessed by an Animal Model and a Randomized Clinical Study on Mild Cognitive Impairment
In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial with 73 patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), H₂-water did not improve overall cognitive scores — but a specific genetic subgroup (APOE4 carriers) showed significant improvement.
2014 · Sakai et al. — Consumption of water containing over 3.5 mg of dissolved hydrogen could improve vascular endothelial function.
Drinking high-concentration hydrogen-rich water (7 ppm, 3.5 mg H₂ per 500 mL) significantly improved flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery compared to placebo.
2014 · Takeuchi et al. — Effects of intravenous hydrogen-rich fluid combined with intra-cisternal magnesium sulfate in severe aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
This paper describes the registered protocol for a 450-patient RCT testing whether intravenous H₂-rich fluid combined with intra-cisternal magnesium sulfate can prevent cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia after severe subarachnoid hemorrhage.
2014 · Ostojic et al. — Hydrogen-rich water affected blood alkalinity in physically active men.
Drinking 2 L of hydrogen-rich water (HRW) daily for 14 days significantly raised both resting and post-exercise arterial blood pH, and elevated fasting bicarbonate levels, in 52 healthy physically active men — without any reported side effects.
2026 · Xu et al. — Hydrogen-Enriched Hyaluronic Acid Dressing Ameliorates Diabetic Foot Ulcer via Promoting Mitophagy
A hyaluronic acid dressing enriched with molecular hydrogen accelerated wound healing in diabetic foot ulcer patients and, in parallel laboratory experiments, activated the cellular „self-cleaning“ programme for damaged mitochondria (mitophagy).
2026 · Lin et al. — Adjunctive Molecular Hydrogen Therapy Modulates T Cell Markers and Reduces Anti-Ro Antibody in Refractory Oral Ulcers of Behçet's Disease and Sjögren's Syndrome: A Case Report
A 67-year-old woman with both Behçet's disease and primary Sjögren's syndrome — whose recurrent painful oral ulcers had not responded to years of standard therapy — showed marked clinical improvement and falling anti-Ro antibody levels after adding oral molecular hydrogen capsules to her regimen.
2025 · Moriya et al. — Hydrogen Inhalation Is Associated With a Transient Rightward Shift in Prefrontal Oxyhemoglobin Asymmetry and Autonomic Modulation
A single 30-minute session of pure hydrogen gas inhalation (99.9 % H₂, 300 mL/min via nasal cannula) transiently increased oxygenation in the right prefrontal cortex and simultaneously altered heart-rate variability in healthy adults — findings consistent with a brief, coordinated neurovascular-autonomic response.
2025 · Habet et al. — Hydrogen-FAST: Study Protocol for Inhaled Hydrogen Gas as Adjunctive Therapy in Refractory Cardiac Arrest (ECPR)
The Hydrogen-FAST trial is a phase 1 multicenter randomised controlled trial investigating whether inhaled 2 % hydrogen gas, delivered continuously for 72 hours during extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR), is feasible and safe in patients with refractory cardiac arrest and underlying heart disease.
2025 · Tu et al. — Molecular Hydrogen Therapy for SLE-PAH: Case Report on Immune Marker Modulation
SLE-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (SLE-PAH) is one of the most life-threatening complications of lupus, and standard vasodilator treatments often fail to adequately control progression.
2025 · Lin et al. — Molecular Hydrogen as an Adjuvant Therapy in Severe Lupus Serositis With Heart Failure: A Case Report on Immune Modulation and Fatigue Reduction
SLE with cardiac complications is managed with steroids and immunomodulators — but prolonged use causes serious side effects.
2025 · Lin et al. — Molecular Hydrogen as a Potential Adjunctive Therapy to Improve Renal Function and Reduce Fatigue in an Elderly Patient With Chronic Comorbidities: A Case Report
An 89-year-old woman with coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes with nephropathy, and SLE — presenting with recurrent wound infection — showed improved renal function and reduced chronic fatigue after adjuvant hydrogen capsule therapy.
2024 · Pozdnyakova — Rehabilitation program of post-COVID-19 syndrome with the use of nitric oxide and molecular hydrogen
The combined inhalation of nitric oxide and hydrogen improved complaints in post-COVID syndrome.
2024 · Tamura — Combination of Hydrogen Inhalation and Hypothermic Temperature Control After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Post hoc Analysis of the Efficacy of Inhaled Hydrogen on Neurologic Outcome Following Brain Ischemia During PostCardiac Arrest Care II Trial
Hydrogen inhalation plus deep cooling improves the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest.
2024 · Lin — Molecular Hydrogen Therapy in Sjögren's Syndrome With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Right-sided Heart Failure: A Case Report of Improved Immune Markers Including Treg, B Cells and Plasma Cell.
A 56-year-old woman with Sjögren's syndrome-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension and right-sided heart failure — unresponsive to five standard drugs — experienced clinical stabilisation and measurable immune improvement after starting daily hydrogen capsules as an add-on.
2022 · Deryugina — Dynamics of Metabolic and Oxidative Parameters of Erythrocytes during Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure with Molecular Hydrogen.
In patients with chronic heart failure, inhaling 2% molecular hydrogen — either once or repeatedly over five days — improved red blood cell energy metabolism, reduced oxidative stress markers, and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity.
2022 · Dong — Short-Term Consumption of Hydrogen-Rich Water Enhances Power Performance and Heart Rate Recovery in Dragon Boat Athletes
Seven days of hydrogen-rich water improved maximum power output and post-exercise heart rate recovery in competitive dragon boat athletes compared to placebo water.
2021 · Kato — Heat-retention effects of hydrogen-rich water bath assessed by thermography for humans
2021 · Danilova — Application of Molecular Hydrogen in Heart Surgery under Cardiopulmonary Bypass
During open-heart surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass, inhaling 1.5–2% hydrogen gas during anaesthesia reduced markers of lipid peroxidation (oxidative stress) compared to patients who did not receive H₂.
2021 · Si — Effects of hydrogen as adjuvant treatment for unstable angina
In 40 patients with unstable angina, adding hydrogen-rich water to standard drug therapy for three months reduced angina symptoms and produced greater reductions in total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B compared to standard treatment alone.
2018 · Franceschelli — Modulation of the Oxidative Plasmatic State in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease with the Addition of Hydrogen-Rich Water: A New Biological Vision
In 84 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), adding electrolyzed reduced water rich in molecular hydrogen to standard proton pump inhibitor therapy significantly improved both oxidative stress markers and GERD-related quality of life versus PPI alone.
2018 · Nakayama — Novel Haemodialysis Treatment Employing Molecular Hydrogen-Enriched Dialysis Solution Improves Prognosis of Chronic Dialysis Patients: A Prospective Observational Study
Over a mean observation period of 3.28 years, chronic haemodialysis patients treated with H₂-enriched dialysis solution had a 41% lower risk of combined all-cause mortality and major cardiovascular events compared to conventional haemodialysis (hazard ratio 0.59, 95% CI 0.38–0.92).
2018 · Da Ponte — Effects of Hydrogen-Rich Water on Prolonged Intermittent Exercise
Two weeks of hydrogen-rich water intake helped trained cyclists maintain peak power output during repeated all-out sprints over 30 minutes — where the placebo group showed significant power decline in the later sprints.
2017 · Nakayama et al. — Possible clinical effects of molecular hydrogen (H₂) delivery during hemodialysis in chronic dialysis patients: Interim analysis in a 12 month observation.
In a 12-month prospective observation with 262 chronic dialysis patients, H₂-enriched dialysis solution was associated with lower antihypertensive drug use and fewer complaints of severe fatigue and pruritus — without detectable differences in standard dialysis parameters.
2010 · Nakayama et al. — A Novel Bioactive Haemodialysis System Using Dissolved Dihydrogen (H₂) Produced by Water Electrolysis: A Clinical Trial
Adding dissolved molecular hydrogen to dialysis solution significantly reduced blood pressure and inflammatory markers in hemodialysis patients.
2006 · Asaturian et al. — Temporary Clipping and Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients with Cerebral Aneurysms
This neurosurgery study uses the H₂-inhalation clearance technique to measure regional cerebral blood flow during aneurysm surgery — it is not an H₂ therapy study.
2003 · Huang — Reduced hemodialysis-induced oxidative stress in end-stage renal disease patients by electrolyzed reduced water.
Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) undergoing chronic hemodialysis showed significantly reduced oxidative stress markers and improved antioxidant status after one month of drinking electrolyzed reduced water (ERW).
2000 · Lewis — Endoscopic measurement of pancreatic tissue perfusion in patients with chronic pancreatitis and control patients.
Pancreatic blood flow was measured endoscopically using the hydrogen gas clearance technique in patients with chronic pancreatitis, revealing significantly lower perfusion compared to controls.
1995 · Hundley et al. — Assessment of left-to-right intracardiac shunting by velocity-encoded, phase-difference magnetic resonance imaging
MRI flow measurements in the major heart vessels agreed very well (r = 0.94) with invasive catheterisation data in detecting and quantifying left-to-right intracardiac shunts in 21 adults.
1994 · Mizushima et al. — Experimental and clinical studies on ischemic lesions of the large intestine
Thrombi in peripheral small arteries appear to play a key role in causing ischemic lesions of the colon, based on both animal experiments and clinical observations in post-surgical human cases.
1994 · Nakahara et al. — Evaluation of tracheal mucosal blood flow during an extended radical operation for esophageal carcinoma
Extended radical surgery for esophageal cancer significantly reduced tracheal mucosal blood flow, from 40 to 13 ml/100 g per minute, while preserving the right bronchial artery appeared protective.
1993 · Glamann et al. — Hydrogen inhalation for detecting intracardiac left-to-right shunting in adults
The hydrogen inhalation test reliably detected intracardiac left-to-right shunts in adults with perfect separation between the shunt and no-shunt groups (appearance times: 1.5 vs. 12 seconds).
1990 · Flores et al. — Assessment of the Sensitivity of Hydrogen Inhalation in the Detection of Left-to-Right Shunting
Inhaling a small amount of hydrogen gas and measuring its reappearance on the arterial side of the circulation is an extremely sensitive method for detecting left-to-right intracardiac shunts — far more sensitive than standard dye or oximetry techniques.
1988 · Chung et al. — Endoscopic Measurement of Gastric Mucosal Blood Flow by Laser Doppler Velocimetry: Effect of Chronic Esophageal Variceal Sclerosis
A technique validation study demonstrating that laser Doppler velocimetry can measure gastric mucosal blood flow endoscopically — calibrated against hydrogen gas clearance as the reference standard.
1987 · Leung et al. — Gastroduodenal Mucosal Hemodynamics by Endoscopic Reflectance Spectrophotometry
Endoscopic reflectance spectrophotometry — validated against hydrogen gas clearance as the reference standard — can non-invasively measure gastric and duodenal mucosal haemoglobin and oxygen saturation during routine endoscopy.
1987 · Niggemann et al. — Detection of Intracardiac Left-to-Right Shunting in Adults: A Prospective Analysis of the Variability of the Standard Indocyanine Green Technique
In 66 adult patients confirmed shunt-free by the ultrasensitive hydrogen inhalation method, the indocyanine green dye technique showed percentage „shunts“ ranging from −9 % to +26 % — establishing for the first time the normal variability range for this diagnostic test.
1986 · Satani — Etiopathogenesis of Hemorrhagic Gastritis after Esophageal Transection and Extended Devascularization in Variceal Patients
This surgical study from 1986 investigated why some cirrhotic patients develop hemorrhagic gastritis after esophageal variceal surgery — using hydrogen gas clearance as a tool to measure gastric blood flow, not as a therapy.
1984 · Toyama — Experimental and Clinical Studies on Esophago-Gastric Hemodynamics Before and After Devascularization for Esophageal Varices
This 1984 surgical study examined how esophago-gastric mucosal blood flow and tissue oxygen tension change after devascularization surgery for esophageal varices — using hydrogen gas clearance as a measurement tool in both dogs and humans.
1969 · Muller — Hydrogen inhalation curves in cardiologic diagnosis of children.
This study evaluated hydrogen inhalation curves obtained during cardiac catheterisation in children to detect and localise intracardiac shunts.
1959 · CLARK LC Jr — Left-to-right shunt detection by an intravascular electrode with hydrogen as an indicator.
This 1959 paper from Science describes the foundational technique of using an intravascular platinum-tipped electrode to detect left-to-right intracardiac shunts with inhaled hydrogen as the indicator.
2026 · Wang — Hydrogen gas inhalation alleviated cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating mitophagy in SH-SY5Y cells and mice via PTEN-induced kinase 1/Parkin pathway.
Inhaling molecular hydrogen (H₂) after a stroke-like event (cerebral ischemia/reperfusion) significantly reduced brain tissue damage, neuronal death, and neurological deficits in both mouse models and cell cultures.
2026 · Cao — A Hydrogen Generator Enhances Immunogenic Transarterial Chemoembolization in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Adding a hydrogen-releasing material (nano-CaH₂) to the standard TACE (transarterial chemoembolization) procedure for liver cancer enabled local H₂ release that reduced tumor hypoxia, enhanced drug effectiveness, and activated anti-tumor immune responses — all demonstrated in animal models.
2026 · Zhang — Pearl-Like Bioinspired Coating Enables Regulation of Mg Degradation for Osteoporotic Bone Repair
A pearl-inspired multilayer coating for magnesium alloy bone implants was developed to precisely control the rate at which magnesium degrades in osteoporotic bone — specifically preventing premature hydrogen gas release, which can cause local tissue problems.
2026 · Jiao — Therapeutic Potential of Magnesium Diboride Nanosheets in PAH-Associated Right Heart Failure: Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Ferroptosis Suppression via LC3/ATG5/NCOA4/FTH1 Pathway
Magnesium diboride (MgB₂) nanosheets — which release H₂ upon contact with body fluids — were tested in an animal model of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and its resulting right heart failure.
2026 · Lei — Synergistic Stretching-Annealing and Salting-Out Enabling Ultrastrong, Ultratough Anisotropic Bacterial Cellulose Conductive Hydrogels for Bioelectric Sensors
This materials science study presents a manufacturing process (stretching + annealing + salting-out) for making bacterial cellulose-based hydrogels with extreme mechanical strength and electrical conductivity, intended for wearable bioelectric sensors (ECG, EMG).
2025 · Wang — Hierarchical ROS-scavenging platform breaks vicious cycle of stem cell senescence, angiogenesis arrest, and immune dysregulation in diabetic wounds.
Diabetic chronic wounds are driven by a self-reinforcing cycle of oxidative stress, stem cell ageing, impaired blood-vessel growth, and immune imbalance.
2025 · Li — Hydrogen promoted mitochondrial autophagy and alleviated CIH-induced vascular endothelial cell senescence by regulating oxidative stress.
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) causes repeated oxygen deficits that accelerate ageing of the blood vessel lining — and molecular hydrogen (H₂) can protect vascular endothelial cells against this premature ageing by activating cellular clean-up processes (autophagy) and reducing oxidative stress.
2025 · Yang — Manganese Galvanic Cells Intervene in Tumor Metabolism to Reinforce cGAS-STING Activation for Bidirectional Synergistic Hydrogen-Immunotherapy.
Manganese galvanic-cell nanostructures (MnG) generate hydrogen and manganese ions inside tumours by reacting with water, simultaneously activating a key innate-immunity pathway (cGAS-STING) and disrupting tumour glucose metabolism.
2024 · Tumurbaatar — The effect of hydrogen gas on the oxidative stress response in adipose tissue.
Human fat tissue soaked in hydrogen-dissolved culture medium showed reduced markers of harmful oxidative stress and a trend toward smaller fat cell size.
2024 · Cui et al. — Molecular Hydrogen Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Cardiomyopathy in Mice by Promoting Autophagy
In a mouse model of sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC), molecular hydrogen inhalation significantly improved 7-day survival, reduced cardiac tissue inflammation, and lowered troponin I levels — effects that operated through promotion of autophagy and mitophagy.
2023 · Iketani — H₂-induced transient upregulation of phospholipids with suppression of energy metabolism
Short exposure to molecular hydrogen transiently shifts the lipid composition of neuroblastoma cells and temporarily suppresses their energy metabolism — a complex cellular response that hints at how H₂ may interact with cell membranes.
2023 · Guo — Hydrogen suppresses oxidative stress by inhibiting the p38 MAPK signaling pathway in preeclampsia
In a rat model of preeclampsia, hydrogen-rich saline significantly reduced inflammation markers, oxidative stress, and blood pressure-related damage — and the protective effect appears to work via inhibiting the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.
2021 · Yin et al. — Hydrogen Gas with Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Improves Survival after Prolonged Cardiac Arrest in Rats
In a rat model of prolonged cardiac arrest, adding hydrogen gas (H₂) to extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) dramatically improved 4-hour survival: 78% with H₂ versus 22% without.
2021 · Patterson et al. — H₂ in Antarctic Firn Air: Atmospheric Reconstructions and Implications for Anthropogenic Emissions
This is an atmospheric science study — it investigates how levels of molecular hydrogen (H₂) in the Earth's atmosphere have changed from 1852 to 2003, using ancient air trapped in Antarctic snow layers.
2020 · Kiyoi — Constitutive Hydrogen Inhalation Prevents Vascular Remodeling via Reduction of Oxidative Stress
In a mouse model of cuff-induced vascular injury, continuous inhalation of 1.3 % hydrogen gas for several weeks significantly reduced abnormal vascular wall thickening (neointima formation) — an effect associated with decreased DNA damage and downregulation of the NADPH oxidase NOX1.
2019 · Li et al. — Effect of hydrogen-rich water on the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.
In isolated rat hearts, drinking hydrogen-rich water before and during ischemia-reperfusion dramatically boosted the heart's own antioxidant defences — activating the Nrf2/ARE signalling pathway, increasing protective enzymes (NQO1, HO-1, SOD-1), and reducing oxidative damage (MDA).
2019 · Chen et al. — Inhaling Hydrogen Ameliorates Early Postresuscitation EEG Characteristics in an Asphyxial Cardiac Arrest Rat Model.
In a rat model of asphyxial cardiac arrest, breathing 2% hydrogen gas after resuscitation dramatically improved both survival (90% vs. 40%) and the recovery of brain electrical activity (EEG) within four hours.
2019 · Meng — Hyperoxygenated Hydrogen-Rich Solution Suppresses Lung Injury Induced by Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats.
In rats with hemorrhagic-shock-induced acute lung injury (ALI), intravenous infusion of a solution combining both extra oxygen and dissolved hydrogen (HOHS) outperformed standard resuscitation fluid and each component alone in protecting lung tissue.
2019 · Zhu — Mechanical Strength, Biodegradation, and in Vitro and in Vivo Biocompatibility of Zn Biomaterials.
Zinc (Zn)-based alloys were evaluated as a new class of biodegradable metal implant materials — notable specifically because they degrade without producing hydrogen gas, unlike magnesium-based implants.
2019 · Guan — Hydrogen gas reduces chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension by inhibiting sympathetic nerve activity and increasing vasodilator responses via antioxidation.
In rats subjected to chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) — a model of sleep-apnoea-related hypertension — daily H₂ gas inhalation significantly attenuated the rise in blood pressure.
2018 · Tamaki — Hydrogen Flush After Cold Storage as a New End-Ischemic Ex Vivo Treatment for Liver Grafts Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
A novel ex-vivo technique — flushing rat liver grafts with hydrogen-saturated solution (1.0 ppm) after cold storage — significantly reduced ischemia/reperfusion injury markers and preserved both sinusoidal endothelia and bile duct function, compared to controls.
2017 · Li — Protective Effects of Molecular Hydrogen on Steroid-Induced Osteonecrosis in Rabbits via Reducing Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis
In rabbits given high-dose steroids, treatment with molecular hydrogen (injected intraperitoneally) reduced the incidence of bone death (osteonecrosis) from 68% to 29% by suppressing oxidative damage, vascular injury, and cell death (apoptosis).
2016 · Hara — Molecular Hydrogen Alleviates Cellular Senescence in Endothelial Cells
In human vascular endothelial cells exposed to a toxic compound (TCDD), hydrogen-rich medium prevented signs of cellular ageing (senescence) even after H₂ had dissipated from the medium — an effect mediated by the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2.
2015 · Chen et al. — Molecular hydrogen protects mice against polymicrobial sepsis by ameliorating endothelial dysfunction via an Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
In a mouse sepsis model, molecular hydrogen suppressed the inflammatory cascade and endothelial injury — both in cell culture and in live animals — by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway.
2015 · Yu et al. — Protective effects of hydrogen-rich medium on lipopolysaccharide-induced monocytic adhesion and vascular endothelial permeability through regulation of vascular endothelial cadherin.
In endothelial cell culture, hydrogen-rich medium reduced the inflammation-triggered adhesion of monocytes to vessel walls and preserved the integrity of the endothelial barrier — effects mediated through the adhesion protein VE-cadherin.
2015 · Song et al. — Molecular hydrogen stabilizes atherosclerotic plaque in low-density lipoprotein receptor-knockout mice.
In atherosclerosis-prone mice, molecular hydrogen stabilized vulnerable plaque — increasing collagen content, reducing macrophage infiltration, and suppressing the endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative damage that drive plaque rupture.
2015 · Hattori et al. — Maternal molecular hydrogen treatment attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced rat fetal lung injury.
Drinking hydrogen-rich water (HRW) before lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection significantly reduced inflammation, oxidative damage, and cell death in fetal rat lungs — suggesting that maternal H₂ intake could protect premature infants from inflammation-driven lung disease.
2015 · Xie et al. — Hydrogen-Rich Medium Attenuated Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Monocyte-Endothelial Cell Adhesion and Vascular Endothelial Permeability via Rho-Associated Coiled-Coil Protein Kinase.
In LPS-stimulated endothelial cell cultures, hydrogen-rich medium (H₂-RM) blocked monocyte-to-endothelium adhesion, decreased expression of adhesion molecules, and restored vascular barrier function — all via suppression of the ROCK signalling pathway.
2015 · Barbu et al. — The use of hydrogen gas clearance for blood flow measurements in single endogenous and transplanted pancreatic islets.
Researchers used hydrogen gas as a tracer — not as therapy — to precisely measure blood flow in individual pancreatic islets in rats and mice.
2014 · Mano et al. — Maternal molecular hydrogen administration ameliorates rat fetal hippocampal damage caused by in utero ischemia-reperfusion.
In this rat study, pregnant mothers that drank hydrogen-saturated water passed measurable H₂ to the placenta, which protected fetal hippocampal neurons from ischemia-reperfusion injury — and improved the learning and memory of the offspring at 8 weeks of age.
2013 · Wang — Regulative effects of hydrogen-rich medium on monocytic adhesion and vascular endothelial permeability
In this in-vitro study, hydrogen-rich culture medium significantly reduced the LPS-induced adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells, lowered inflammatory adhesion molecules (E-selectin, VCAM-1), and protected vascular endothelial integrity (VE-cadherin).
2013 · Ramachandran — An in silico analysis of troponin I mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of Indian origin
Four mutations in the Troponin I gene (including one novel mutation) were identified in Indian patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and in-silico structural modeling showed these mutations disrupt intermolecular hydrogen bonds within the troponin complex, reducing protein stability and subunit interactions.
2013 · Wang et al. — A surface-eroding poly(1,3-trimethylene carbonate) coating for fully biodegradable magnesium-based stent applications.
This materials science study investigated a biodegradable polymer coating (PTMC) for magnesium-based cardiovascular stents — aiming to control corrosion and improve biocompatibility.
2012 · Sun et al. — Oral intake of hydrogen-rich water inhibits intimal hyperplasia in arterialized vein grafts in rats.
Vein grafts used in bypass surgery frequently fail due to intimal hyperplasia — thickening of the vessel wall that narrows the lumen over time.
2010 · Liu — Oral administration of mannitol may be an effective treatment for ischemia-reperfusion injury.
This hypothesis paper proposes that oral mannitol — a sugar alcohol that promotes bacterial hydrogen gas production in the colon — could protect organs from ischaemia-reperfusion injury by raising endogenous H₂ levels.
2009 · Suzuki — Are the effects of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors on cardiovascular events related to elevated levels of hydrogen gas in the gastrointestinal tract?
This theoretical paper proposes that the cardiovascular benefits of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (such as acarbose) may partly be explained by increased H₂ production in the gut.
2008 · Benchimol — The hydrogenosome as a drug target.
This in-vitro review/study describes hydrogenosomes — organelles found in certain parasitic microorganisms (such as Trichomonas) that produce molecular hydrogen — as potential drug targets for anti-parasitic therapies.
2008 · Ye — Inhibitory effect of electrolyzed reduced water on tumor angiogenesis.
This in-vitro study found that electrolyzed reduced water (ERW) reduced VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) gene expression and protein secretion in a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, and inhibited in vitro formation of vascular tubules.
1999 · Ishikawa — A preventive effect of a selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist, S-0139, on the erythropoietin-induced reduction of the renal cortical blood flow.
This animal study in Wistar rats shows that erythropoietin (EPO) reduces renal cortical blood flow (RCBF) by triggering endothelin-1 release, and that the selective ET-A receptor antagonist S-0139 can prevent this reduction.
1990 · Mitarai — Correlation between gastric microcirculation and mucosal injury after surgical therapy of esophageal varices.
Surgery for esophageal varices can substantially reduce blood flow to the stomach lining, and the degree of this reduction correlates directly with post-operative mucosal damage.
1989 · Heizmann — GasPak Plus versus Anaerocult A — two carbon dioxide/hydrogen systems for cultivation of anaerobes.
Two commercially available CO₂/H₂ gas-generating systems for culturing anaerobic bacteria were compared and found to be equally effective overall, though growth varied considerably between individual bacterial species.
1983 · Homer — Transient solutions of equations for countercurrent capillary exchange.
A mathematical model of countercurrent capillary exchange was developed and applied to the analysis of hydrogen gas exchange in the renal medulla, yielding new estimates of medullary blood flow and revealing how tracer exchange between adjacent capillaries can mimic or distort countercurrent effects.