Unspecified
Studies where the source did not state how H₂ was administered — the delivery route is unknown or unreported. Collected here so nothing is dropped from the overview. This catch-all category comprises around 234 papers — a considerable part of the collection — in which the delivery form is not clearly reported; among them many mechanistic and preclinical investigations, but also individual human studies and reviews.</p><p>The classification says nothing about the quality or outcome of a study, only that the mode of application was left open in the source. It serves completeness, so that no study drops out of the overview.</p><p>For an assessment by delivery form, these entries are only of limited use. Anyone wishing to assess a specific mode of application should rely on the clearly assigned categories.
Human studies on molecular hydrogen given by Unspecified. This page collects the 234 studies using this route — 2 randomized trials, 17 pilot/observational studies and 83 reviews. Listed newest first.
2026 · Dumbuya — The protective effects of molecular hydrogen in sepsis-associated encephalopathy: current status.
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) — brain dysfunction that develops during severe infections — currently has no specific approved therapy.
2026 · Shi — New progress in hydrogen-synergistic diagnostic and therapeutic nanoplatforms for tumor treatment.
This review maps the emerging field of hydrogen-synergistic diagnostic and therapeutic nanoplatforms (HSDT-NPs): engineered nanomaterials that combine H₂ therapy with other cancer treatment strategies to increase specificity and effectiveness at the tumor site.
2026 · Ostojic — Revisiting molecular hydrogen signaling in mitochondria: Is the Rieske protein the entry point or a downstream sentinel?
A new paper demonstrated that H₂ rapidly inhibits mitochondrial Complex III via the Rieske iron-sulfur protein (RISP) — challenging the established view of H₂ as merely a free-radical scavenger.
2026 · Paparella — Medical Gases as Emerging Regulators of Paediatric Endocrine and Neurodevelopmental Pathways: A Mini-Review
Gaseous signalling molecules — including molecular hydrogen (H₂), nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide — are increasingly recognised as modulators of the developing brain and endocrine system in children.
2026 · Viana — Molecular hydrogen and kidney diseases: a scoping review based on scientometry and data analytics
Acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease impose enormous burdens globally — and molecular hydrogen (H₂) consistently shows protective effects against apoptosis, fibrosis, inflammation and oxidative stress in kidney disease models.
2025 · Xie — Mechanisms and Protective Strategies for Astronaut Skin Injury in Deep Space Environments
This review summarises the current understanding of how deep space conditions — microgravity, ionising radiation, lunar dust, and microbiome disruption — damage astronaut skin, and what engineering and biomedical strategies are being developed to protect it.
2025 · Kornieieva — Exploring the Potential of Molecular Hydrogen in Different Heart Failure Models: A Review
This is the first systematic review summarising all published research on molecular hydrogen (H₂) as a potential treatment in different heart failure models.
2025 · Xu — Innovations in peritoneal dialysis fluid: biocompatible formulations and expanded therapeutic applications
Conventional peritoneal dialysis fluids cause peritoneal fibrosis and metabolic damage — new biocompatible formulations combining novel osmotic agents, advanced buffers, and molecular hydrogen aim to overcome these limitations.
2025 · Zhu — Molecular mechanisms associated with effects of hydrogen molecule in liver diseases: the review of current evidence
Oxidative stress and inflammation drive liver disease progression from inflammation to fibrosis and cancer — this review summarises how molecular hydrogen selectively neutralises harmful free radicals and modulates inflammatory signalling to potentially slow this cascade.
2025 · Li — Delivery of Molecular Hydrogen for Precision Immunomodulation: Mechanisms, Detection Methods, and Applications
Molecular hydrogen modulates immune function through antioxidant action, suppression of inflammatory mediators, and inhibition of apoptosis — yet the precise dose-efficacy relationship in living organisms remains unclear due to the lack of accurate in-vivo detection methods.
2025 · Brandi — Molecular hydrogen therapy: A „democratic” emerging strategy against aging and age-related diseases
Aging is the primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease, neurodegeneration, metabolic conditions, and cancer — this review proposes that molecular hydrogen, owing to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and senescence-regulating properties, may offer a widely accessible strategy for slowing age-related processes.
2025 · Zajac — Molecular Hydrogen in the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases
This review compiles twenty years of research on molecular hydrogen in respiratory medicine, covering allergies, asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis, lung injury, respiratory infections, and lung cancer.
2025 · Sahu — Activation, interaction and intimation of Nrf2 pathway and their mutational studies causing Nrf2 associated cancer
The Nrf2 transcription factor is the cell's master antioxidant switch — when Nrf2 functions correctly, it defends against cancer-driving oxidative damage; when mutated, it can paradoxically protect tumour cells from therapy.
2025 · Neykhonji — Exploring the Potential of H₂ Therapy in Reducing Surgical Complications: A Review on Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Anti-fibrotic Mechanisms
Molecular hydrogen shows anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-fibrotic properties that could make it a candidate for preventing post-surgical adhesions — one of the most common and debilitating complications after abdominal and pelvic surgery.
2025 · Todorović — Hydrogen as an Innovative Nootropic in Health and Disease
Molecular hydrogen may improve executive function, alertness, and memory — this review surveys current evidence for H₂ as a nootropic (cognitive enhancer) in healthy individuals and in patients with neurodegenerative disorders, circadian disruption, and cancer.
2024 · Slezák — New Possibilities of the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Pathologies: The Potential of Molecular Hydrogen in the Reduction of Oxidative Stress
This review examines molecular hydrogen (H₂) as a selective antioxidant with particular promise for cardiovascular disease, where oxidative stress plays a defining role.
2024 · Wu — Evolution of Therapeutic Strategy Based on Oxidant-Antioxidant Balance for Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) — the most common primary corneal endothelial disease worldwide — is closely linked to oxidative stress and antioxidant imbalance.
2024 · Kura — The Protective Role of Molecular Hydrogen in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) — where tissue damage is paradoxically worsened when blood flow is restored after oxygen deprivation — is a major cause of harm in heart attacks, strokes, and organ transplantation.
2024 · Zheng — Potential Role of Molecular Hydrogen Therapy on Oxidative Stress and Redox Signaling in Chronic Kidney Disease
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is driven in large part by oxidative stress — and current therapies to slow its progression remain inadequate.
2024 · Hu — The Molecular Biological Mechanism of Hydrogen Therapy and Its Application in Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes devastating neurological damage and has very limited treatment options.
2024 · Khiji — The Therapeutic Application of Hydrogen in Cancer: The Potential and Challenges
Cancer is frequently associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation, and this review examines molecular hydrogen (H₂) as a candidate supportive therapy that could help prevent cancer recurrence and reduce treatment side effects.
2024 · Chen — The Role of Hydrogen in the Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Atherosclerotic Heart Disease
Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CHD) — the most common cardiovascular disease worldwide — is driven by chronic inflammation and oxidative lipid deposition in arterial walls.
2023 · Mohd Noor — A Systematic Review of Molecular Hydrogen Therapy in Cancer Management
A systematic review of 27 studies classifies molecular hydrogen as a promising adjunctive cancer therapy.
2023 · Artamonov — Molecular Hydrogen: From Molecular Effects to Stem Cells Management and Tissue Regeneration
H₂ as a tool of regenerative medicine: by the end of 2022, more than 2,000 papers on hydrogen medicine had appeared.
2023 · He et al. — The Role of Hydrogen Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease Management: Insights into Mechanisms, Administration Routes, and Future Challenges
This review comprehensively examines the therapeutic potential of molecular hydrogen in Alzheimer's disease (AD), focusing on how H₂ may counteract key pathological processes including oxidative stress, amyloid-beta metabolism, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
2023 · Ichikawa et al. — The Overlooked Benefits of Hydrogen-Producing Bacteria
This review in Medical Gas Research proposes a new explanatory framework for why certain intestinal bacteria are truly „beneficial“: they produce molecular hydrogen (H₂) in the gut, which then scavenges harmful hydroxyl radicals generated in mitochondria and protects cells from oxidative stress.
2023 · Wu et al. — Molecular Hydrogen: An Emerging Therapeutic Medical Gas for Brain Disorders
This wide-ranging review in Molecular Neurobiology surveys the evidence for hydrogen therapy across eight major brain disorders — including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, depression, anxiety, and multiple sclerosis.
2022 · Zhang et al. — Molecular Hydrogen Is a Potential Protective Agent in the Management of Acute Lung Injury
Molecular hydrogen (H₂) may offer protective effects in acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) — two life-threatening conditions seen in critically ill patients, including those with severe COVID-19.
2022 · Ahmad et al. — Narrative on Hydrogen Therapy and its Clinical Applications: Safety and Efficacy
This narrative review surveys the growing body of evidence on molecular hydrogen (H₂) as a therapeutic agent across cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, metabolic, and infectious diseases — summarising both its proposed mechanisms and current safety data.
2022 · Fu — Molecular hydrogen is a promising therapeutic agent for pulmonary disease
This review summarizes the growing body of evidence suggesting that molecular hydrogen can protect the lungs from a range of diseases — including acute lung injury, COPD, asthma, lung cancer, pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary fibrosis — through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties.
2021 · Qi — Perspective of Molecular Hydrogen in the Treatment of Sepsis
In sepsis — the most common cause of death in intensive care units — molecular hydrogen (H₂) as a „medical gas“ shows a protective effect on several organs.
2021 · Tallima — Cell surface sphingomyelin: key role in cancer initiation, progression, and immune evasion.
This review examines how excess sphingomyelin (SM) on the outer surface of cancer cells enables tumors to evade the immune system, resist apoptosis, and ignore growth-suppressor signals.
2021 · Alwazeer — Combating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in COVID-19 by Molecular Hydrogen Therapy: Mechanisms and Perspectives.
This review systematically examines how molecular hydrogen (H₂) could theoretically address the oxidative stress and uncontrolled inflammation at the heart of severe COVID-19 — including its ability to suppress NF-κB signaling and activate the Nrf2 antioxidant pathway.
2021 · Oren — Amyloid β structural polymorphism, associated toxicity and therapeutic strategies.
This comprehensive review covers the many different structural forms (polymorphs) of amyloid-β (Aβ) — the protein fragment central to Alzheimer's disease — how they form, why some are more toxic than others, and what therapeutic strategies are being pursued to interfere with their aggregation.
2021 · Hirano — Molecular Hydrogen as a Novel Antitumor Agent: Possible Mechanisms Underlying Gene Expression.
This review surveys the growing evidence that molecular hydrogen (H₂) may act as an antitumor agent — not only by directly scavenging the most damaging reactive oxygen species (hydroxyl radicals), but also by regulating gene expression through indirect biological defense mechanisms.
2021 · Yamamoto — Molecular Hydrogen as a Novel Protective Agent against Pre-Symptomatic Diseases.
This review explores how molecular hydrogen (H₂) may help prevent „mibyou“ — the Japanese concept of pre-symptomatic illness in which disease silently develops before symptoms appear — by suppressing the chronic inflammation and oxidative stress that underlie many modern inflammatory conditions.
2021 · Schönfeld — How the brain fights fatty acids' toxicity.
This review explains why neurons, unlike most other cells, avoid using fatty acids as fuel — and describes the multiple biological strategies the brain has evolved to protect itself against lipotoxicity.
2021 · Hirano — Molecular Hydrogen as a Potential Clinically Applicable Radioprotective Agent.
This review compiles animal and early clinical evidence showing that molecular hydrogen (H₂) can protect against radiation-induced damage — both in diagnostic and therapeutic radiation contexts — primarily by selectively scavenging the hydroxyl radicals (·OH) generated when ionizing radiation hits water molecules.
2021 · Hirano — Potential Therapeutic Applications of Hydrogen in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Possible Inhibiting Role on Mitochondrial Stress.
This review proposes a mechanism by which molecular hydrogen (H₂) may inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation — a central driver of chronic inflammation — by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced inside mitochondria.
2021 · Shi et al. — Hydrogen treatment: a novel option in liver diseases.
Hydrogen therapy shows promise in a range of liver conditions — from fatty liver disease to hepatitis B and chemotherapy-induced liver dysfunction — acting through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.
2021 · Domoki — Hydrogen-induced Neuroprotection in Neonatal Hypoxic-ischemic Encephalopathy.
In animal models of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) — a leading cause of brain damage in newborns — molecular hydrogen (H₂) has consistently shown neuroprotective effects, including preserved neurovascular function, neuronal survival, and cognitive outcomes.
2021 · Nogueira et al. — Recent Advances in Molecular Hydrogen Research Reducing Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation.
Exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation — harmful when exercise is exhaustive — may be mitigated by molecular hydrogen (H₂), which has shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in both animal and human studies.
2021 · Shaik et al. — An Overview of Ovarian Cancer: Molecular Processes Involved and Development of Target-based Chemotherapeutics.
Ovarian cancer remains one of the deadliest gynaecological cancers, with most patients diagnosed at an advanced stage; this review surveys the molecular processes driving the disease and the development of targeted chemotherapeutics to address them.
2021 · Li et al. — Recent advances in studies of molecular hydrogen in the treatment of pancreatitis.
Pancreatitis — a serious inflammatory disease of the pancreas with high mortality — has recently attracted interest in molecular hydrogen (H₂) as a potential treatment, acting through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immune-modulatory mechanisms.
2021 · Bajgai et al. — Role of Molecular Hydrogen in Skin Diseases and its Impact in Beauty.
Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are central drivers of skin diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and skin ageing; molecular hydrogen (H₂) may offer a therapeutic approach by targeting these mechanisms.
2021 · Ohta — Direct Targets and Subsequent Pathways for Molecular Hydrogen to Exert Multiple Functions: Focusing on Interventions in Radical Reactions
Molecular hydrogen (H₂) is not simply a passive antioxidant — it actively intervenes in radical chain reactions, modifying lipid peroxides and downstream signaling cascades.
2021 · Lucas — Molecular hydrogen (H₂) as a potential treatment for acute and chronic fatigue
This review paper argues that molecular H₂ is well-suited for treating both acute and chronic fatigue, based on the premise that oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction underlie many forms of fatigue.
2021 · Slezak et al. — Oxidative Stress and Pathways of Molecular Hydrogen Effects in Medicine
This review explains why molecular hydrogen (H₂) has unique advantages over conventional antioxidants: it selectively neutralises the most damaging reactive oxygen species while leaving beneficial ones intact.
2021 · Huang et al. — Molecular Hydrogen Application in Stroke: Bench to Bedside
This review summarises experimental and clinical evidence on molecular hydrogen (H₂) therapy in stroke, covering both animal models and human studies.
2020 · Hu — Molecular hydrogen: A potential radioprotective agent
H₂ as a radioprotective agent: Most radiation damage arises from hydroxyl radicals (•OH) from the radiolysis of water — exactly the radical that H₂ selectively neutralizes.
2020 · Wang — Prospects of molecular hydrogen in perioperative neuroprotection from basic research to clinical application
This systematic review summarizes why molecular hydrogen is being researched as neuroprotection around surgery: antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and mitochondria-protective effects.
2019 · Morris — Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: From pathophysiological insights to novel therapeutic opportunities.
This review maps the multiple pathophysiological abnormalities described in ME/CFS — including chronic inflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress, gut barrier disruption, and mitochondrial dysfunction — and identifies several candidate therapeutic agents, among them molecular hydrogen, that target these pathways.
2019 · Cejka et al. — The preventive and therapeutic effects of molecular hydrogen in ocular diseases and injuries where oxidative stress is involved.
Molecular hydrogen (H₂) is uniquely suited for eye diseases because it is the only antioxidant that crosses both the blood-brain and blood-ocular barriers.
2019 · Kura et al. — Molecular hydrogen: potential in mitigating oxidative-stress-induced radiation injury.
Molecular hydrogen (H₂) may help protect against radiation-induced oxidative damage by activating the body's own antioxidant defence systems — particularly the Nrf2 pathway — and reducing lipid peroxidation.
2019 · Tao et al. — Molecular hydrogen: current knowledge on mechanism in alleviating free radical damage and diseases.
Since molecular hydrogen was identified as a hydroxyl radical scavenger in 2007, beneficial effects have been documented in over 170 disease models and human conditions.
2018 · Ye — Recent Advances in the Electro-Oxidation of Urea for Direct Urea Fuel Cell and Urea Electrolysis.
This review covers recent advances in the electro-oxidation of urea — the electrochemical reaction that makes it possible to use urea (from urine, wastewater, or industrial sources) as a fuel in direct urea fuel cells, or as a feedstock to produce hydrogen gas through urea electrolysis.
2018 · Zhang — Hydrogen Therapy in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases: from Bench to Bedside
This review summarises a decade of H₂ research in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases — from animal models to early clinical trials.
2018 · Morris — The putative role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathophysiology of sleep dysfunction across neuropsychiatric disorders
This review proposes that oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction are shared drivers of sleep disturbances in chronic fatigue syndrome, bipolar disorder, and multiple sclerosis.
2016 · Slezák — Preventive and Therapeutic Application of Molecular Hydrogen in Situations with Excessive Production of Free Radicals
This review from Slovak researchers covers the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms of molecular hydrogen (H₂), summarising animal experiments and clinical observations that suggest H₂ may prevent oxidative stress-related diseases.
2016 · Zheng — Molecular Hydrogen Therapy Ameliorates Organ Damage Induced by Sepsis
This review summarises animal-based evidence suggesting that molecular hydrogen can reduce inflammatory cytokine release, oxidative stress, and organ damage in sepsis models, improving survival rates across brain, lung, liver, kidney, and intestinal tissues.
2016 · Verghese — Complementary therapies for bladder pain syndrome: a systematic review
A systematic review of complementary treatments for bladder pain syndrome identified dietary management, acupuncture, and physical therapy as approaches with the most potential benefit — while hydrogen-rich therapy was among the interventions surveyed.
2015 · Ohta — Initiation, Development and Potential of Hydrogen Medicine: Toward Therapeutic and Preventive Applications of Molecular Hydrogen Against a Variety of Diseases
This review by Shigeo Ohta — one of the field's founding scientists — traces the history of hydrogen medicine from its 2007 origins, surveys the mechanistic and clinical evidence across multiple disease areas, and outlines future research directions.
2015 · Dubé — Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer in Anaerobic Digestion: A Review
This review covers „direct interspecies electron transfer“ (DIET) — a form of syntrophic metabolism in anaerobic microbial communities where electrons flow directly between cells without being shuttled by molecular hydrogen or formate.
2015 · Vogt et al. — Chemical communication in the gut: Effects of microbiota-generated metabolites on gastrointestinal bacterial pathogens.
The gut microbiota does not merely occupy space — it actively shapes the chemical environment of the intestine through metabolites that can inhibit or promote bacterial pathogens.
2015 · Ostojic — Molecular hydrogen: An inert gas turns clinically effective.
For decades considered biologically inert, molecular hydrogen (H₂) has in recent years accumulated clinical evidence — from metabolic diseases to chronic inflammation and cancer.
2015 · Ostojic — Targeting molecular hydrogen to mitochondria: barriers and gateways.
Mitochondria are a key target for hydrogen therapy, but the double-membrane structure and high membrane potential of these organelles create specific barriers to H₂ delivery that are not yet well understood.
2015 · Ostojic — Molecular hydrogen in sports medicine: new therapeutic perspectives.
Molecular hydrogen (H₂) may offer a novel approach for addressing exercise-induced oxidative stress and sports injuries, with potential to also improve exercise performance.
2013 · Wang — Introspection of oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in the inner ear
Free radicals play a central role in inner ear damage from noise, ototoxic drugs, and aging — but antioxidant therapy without knowledge of the specific oxidative stress type risks further harm.
2013 · Schönfeld — Why does brain metabolism not favor burning of fatty acids to provide energy? Reflections on disadvantages of the use of free fatty acids as fuel for brain
The brain almost exclusively uses glucose rather than fatty acids as fuel — this review explains why: fatty acid oxidation in neurons generates more oxidative stress, demands more oxygen, and produces ATP more slowly than glucose oxidation.
2013 · Ishibashi — Molecular hydrogen: new antioxidant and anti-inflammatory therapy for rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) — especially the hydroxyl radical — play a central role in the joint destruction and systemic inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and molecular hydrogen (H₂) selectively neutralizes exactly this radical.
2012 · Tran et al. — Proton reduction to hydrogen in biological and chemical systems.
This chemistry review examines the enzymes (hydrogenases) that biological systems use to produce molecular hydrogen (H₂) from protons, and how these natural catalysts inspire the design of synthetic catalysts for solar-energy-driven H₂ production.
2011 · Noda et al. — The principle and the potential approach to ROS-dependent cytotoxicity by non-pharmaceutical therapies: optimal use of medical gases with antioxidant properties.
Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in many major diseases including inflammation, diabetes, glaucoma, cancer, ischemia, and neurodegeneration.
2011 · Naeem et al. — Defective protein folding and aggregation as the basis of neurodegenerative diseases: the darker aspect of proteins.
When proteins fail to fold correctly, they can form toxic aggregates — a process central to Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, ALS, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
2010 · Hong — Research Advances on Hydrogen Therapy in Nervous System Diseases
This review summarises experimental evidence that molecular hydrogen (H₂) exerts significant protective effects in various neurological diseases — including ischaemia, hypoxia, neurodegeneration, and spinal cord injury — through anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.
2010 · Otzen — Amyloid formation in surfactants and alcohols: membrane mimetics or structural switchers?
This biochemistry review examines how anionic detergents (e.g. SDS) and fluorinated alcohols (e.g. TFE) influence protein aggregation into amyloid fibrils.
2006 · Klemperer — Interstellar chemistry
This theoretical review discusses the molecular chemistry of the interstellar medium, including the role of molecular hydrogen (H₂) and helium ionisation in driving the rich organic chemistry observed in galaxies.
2003 · Maier — Availability and use of molecular hydrogen as an energy substrate for Helicobacter species
This review summarises evidence that the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori and the liver pathogen H.
2002 · Nicolet et al. — Fe-only hydrogenases: structure, function and evolution
This biochemistry review covers the molecular structure, catalytic mechanism, and evolutionary origins of iron-only hydrogenase enzymes — proteins that catalyse the reversible conversion between molecular hydrogen (H₂) and protons/electrons.
1996 · Mehta — Magnetization Transfer Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Clinical Review
Magnetization transfer (MT) is a magnetic resonance imaging technique that exploits the interaction between free water protons and protons bound to macromolecules — providing tissue contrast that reveals structural integrity beyond conventional T1, T2, and proton-density images.
2025 · Korchazhkina — Effectiveness of Non-Drug Technologies to Increase Stress Resistance in Persons with Extreme Work Profiles and Susceptibility for Professional Burnout
Medical workers with professional burnout showed measurable improvements in stress resistance and psychological wellbeing after courses of non-drug physical therapies — including hydrogen therapy — compared to exercise and psychocorrection alone.
2025 · Shogenova — Efficiency and Safety of the Combined Use of Thermal Heliox, Nitric Oxide and Molecular Hydrogen in COPD Exacerbation with Respiratory Failure and Pulmonary Hypertension in the Post-COVID Period
In patients hospitalized with severe COPD exacerbation after COVID-19, combining three medical gases — thermal heliox, nitric oxide, and molecular hydrogen (H₂) — alongside standard therapy produced better improvements in breathing, gas exchange, and exercise tolerance than any single gas used alone.
2025 · Kotenko et al. — Biochemical Markers of Stress in Medical Workers With Occupational Burnout Syndrome and Their Dynamics Under Physiotherapeutic Factors
In 175 healthcare professionals diagnosed with occupational burnout syndrome, various non-drug physiotherapy interventions — including hydrogen therapy — were tested in a randomised design.
2025 · Tsai et al. — Molecular Hydrogen as an Adjuvant Therapy in Comorbid Sjögren's Syndrome, SLE, and ILD: A Case Report on Immune Modulation and Fatigue Reduction
A 69-year-old woman with overlapping Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and interstitial lung disease (ILD) — a difficult-to-treat triad — showed notable clinical improvements after adding molecular hydrogen therapy to her regimen.
2025 · Lin et al. — Molecular Hydrogen Capsule Therapy for Primary Biliary Cholangitis With Elevated IgG4: A Case Report on Immune Marker Normalization
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune liver disease that often responds inadequately to the standard drug ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA).
2025 · Hsu et al. — Molecular Hydrogen Therapy Enhances Immune Markers in Treg, Plasma, Tr1 Cells, and KLRG1 Expression on Tc Cells: A Case of Acute SDH With Midline Shift and Uncal Herniation Post-decompressive Craniectomy
Acute subdural hematoma with brain herniation carries high mortality and poor neurological outcomes.
2025 · Tu et al. — Molecular Hydrogen Therapy for SLE-PAH: Case Report on Immune Marker Modulation
SLE-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (SLE-PAH) is one of the most life-threatening complications of lupus, and standard vasodilator treatments often fail to adequately control progression.
2025 · Lin et al. — Molecular Hydrogen as an Adjuvant Therapy in Severe Lupus Serositis With Heart Failure: A Case Report on Immune Modulation and Fatigue Reduction
SLE with cardiac complications is managed with steroids and immunomodulators — but prolonged use causes serious side effects.
2025 · Nakayama et al. — Hemodialysis Employing Molecular Hydrogen (H₂) Enriched Dialysis Solution May Improve Dialysis-Related Fatigue Through Impact on Energy Metabolism
Fatigue is one of the most debilitating aspects of life on hemodialysis — and it remains largely unaddressed by standard care.
2025 · Lin et al. — Molecular Hydrogen as a Potential Adjunctive Therapy to Improve Renal Function and Reduce Fatigue in an Elderly Patient With Chronic Comorbidities: A Case Report
An 89-year-old woman with coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes with nephropathy, and SLE — presenting with recurrent wound infection — showed improved renal function and reduced chronic fatigue after adjuvant hydrogen capsule therapy.
2024 · Lin — Molecular Hydrogen Therapy in Sjögren's Syndrome With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Right-sided Heart Failure: A Case Report of Improved Immune Markers Including Treg, B Cells and Plasma Cell.
A 56-year-old woman with Sjögren's syndrome-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension and right-sided heart failure — unresponsive to five standard drugs — experienced clinical stabilisation and measurable immune improvement after starting daily hydrogen capsules as an add-on.
2024 · Xie — A novel intervention of molecular hydrogen on the unbalance of the gut microbiome in opioid addiction: Experimental and human studies.
Molecular hydrogen appears to reduce morphine-seeking behaviour in animal models and, in humans with opioid addiction, improved gut microbiome balance, reduced depression and anxiety symptoms — suggesting a gut-brain axis mechanism.
2024 · Lui — Molecular Hydrogen as a Promising Therapy Could Be Linked With Increased Resting Treg Cells or Decreased Fas+ T Cell Subsets in a IgG4-PF-ILD Patient: A Case Report.
An 85-year-old woman with progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease complicated by hospital-acquired pneumonia showed noticeable improvement in lung infiltrations on chest X-ray by day four of hydrogen-assisted therapy, alongside measurable immune changes: resting Treg cells rose, while Fas+ T cell subsets declined.
2018 · Franceschelli — Modulation of the Oxidative Plasmatic State in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease with the Addition of Hydrogen-Rich Water: A New Biological Vision
In 84 patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), adding electrolyzed reduced water rich in molecular hydrogen to standard proton pump inhibitor therapy significantly improved both oxidative stress markers and GERD-related quality of life versus PPI alone.
2018 · Nakayama — Novel Haemodialysis Treatment Employing Molecular Hydrogen-Enriched Dialysis Solution Improves Prognosis of Chronic Dialysis Patients: A Prospective Observational Study
Over a mean observation period of 3.28 years, chronic haemodialysis patients treated with H₂-enriched dialysis solution had a 41% lower risk of combined all-cause mortality and major cardiovascular events compared to conventional haemodialysis (hazard ratio 0.59, 95% CI 0.38–0.92).
2017 · Nakayama et al. — Possible clinical effects of molecular hydrogen (H₂) delivery during hemodialysis in chronic dialysis patients: Interim analysis in a 12 month observation.
In a 12-month prospective observation with 262 chronic dialysis patients, H₂-enriched dialysis solution was associated with lower antihypertensive drug use and fewer complaints of severe fatigue and pruritus — without detectable differences in standard dialysis parameters.
2006 · Huang et al. — Electrolyzed-Reduced Water Reduced Hemodialysis-Induced Erythrocyte Impairment in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients
Six months of electrolyzed-reduced water (ERW) treatment in chronic hemodialysis patients reduced oxidative stress, improved red blood cell survival, and attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokines — second only to vitamin C, and without its side effects.
2026 · Zhu — Self-Adaptive Hydrogen Nano-Delivery System in Glaucoma Management: Synergistic Antioxidation and Anti-inflammation Therapeutic Strategy
Glaucoma-induced optic nerve damage remains a leading cause of blindness, and current treatments focus only on lowering intraocular pressure — ignoring the oxidative stress and inflammation that drive the underlying damage.
2026 · Němec — The Far Side of Carboranes: Anticancer Active Monocations and Ambiently Stable Dications
Polyhedral carboranes — a class of boron-carbon cage molecules — are biologically stable and normally non-toxic; this in-vitro study shows that positively charged (cationic) carborane variants can display significant anticancer activity against human cancer cell lines, surpassing doxorubicin and cisplatin in potency.
2026 · Bordoni — Ru-Based NSAIDs as Potential Anticancer Therapeutics
Combining anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with ruthenium metal centres creates novel compounds with promising anticancer activity in cell culture — and molecular hydrogen (H₂) is produced as a byproduct during synthesis, not as a therapeutic agent.
2026 · Zhang — Sub-nano Molybdenum Oxide Nanorings as Amplified Atomic Efficiency Sonosensitizers for Highly Efficient Sonodynamic Tumor Ablation
Sub-nanometer molybdenum oxide nanorings (MoOx-S NRs) were designed as a dual-function nanosystem that generates both reactive oxygen species and hydrogen gas under ultrasound stimulation, aiming to kill cancer cells and modulate the tumor microenvironment.
2026 · Jiao — Therapeutic Potential of Magnesium Diboride Nanosheets in PAH-Associated Right Heart Failure: Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Ferroptosis Suppression via LC3/ATG5/NCOA4/FTH1 Pathway
Magnesium diboride (MgB₂) nanosheets — which release H₂ upon contact with body fluids — were tested in an animal model of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and its resulting right heart failure.
2026 · Lei — Synergistic Stretching-Annealing and Salting-Out Enabling Ultrastrong, Ultratough Anisotropic Bacterial Cellulose Conductive Hydrogels for Bioelectric Sensors
This materials science study presents a manufacturing process (stretching + annealing + salting-out) for making bacterial cellulose-based hydrogels with extreme mechanical strength and electrical conductivity, intended for wearable bioelectric sensors (ECG, EMG).
2025 · Negishi — The Rieske Iron-sulfur Protein Is a Primary Target of Molecular Hydrogen
Molecular hydrogen is not merely a passive free-radical scavenger — it actively targets a specific mitochondrial protein called the Rieske iron-sulfur protein (RISP), a new finding that could help explain H₂'s wide-ranging and sometimes paradoxical biological effects.
2025 · Chu — Hydrogen Enhanced Photothermal Therapy for Redox-regulated Tumor Apoptosis and Immune Reprogramming
A novel nanomaterial platform combines hydrogen release with near-infrared photothermal heating to simultaneously destroy tumour cells and protect immune cells — demonstrating, for the first time, that H₂ can act as both a pro-oxidant in cancer cells and an antioxidant protector in immune cells within the same tumour environment.
2025 · Liu — Local Delivery of Molecular Hydrogen by Fluorinated Zeolitic Imidazole Framework Nanosheets Boosts Cancer Immunotherapy.
A newly engineered nanomaterial can carry and locally release large amounts of molecular hydrogen (H₂) inside a tumour, while also amplifying the effect of immune checkpoint therapy.
2025 · Valizadeh — Integrating QSAR modeling, ADMET screening, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations to identify potential MCF-7 inhibitors.
This computational study used mathematical models to predict which of 2,435 naphthoquinone chemical compounds might inhibit breast cancer cells — and used hydrogen-suppressed molecular graphs as part of the mathematical descriptor framework.
2025 · Li — Hydrogen promoted mitochondrial autophagy and alleviated CIH-induced vascular endothelial cell senescence by regulating oxidative stress.
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) causes repeated oxygen deficits that accelerate ageing of the blood vessel lining — and molecular hydrogen (H₂) can protect vascular endothelial cells against this premature ageing by activating cellular clean-up processes (autophagy) and reducing oxidative stress.
2025 · Huang — Magnesium hydride-induced hydrogen therapy for enhanced sonodynamic therapy.
Combining molecular hydrogen (H₂) released from magnesium hydride with ultrasound-activated cancer therapy (sonodynamic therapy, SDT) significantly improves anti-tumour efficacy and enhances the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in mice.
2025 · Zhang — Ternary Schottky Junction for Sonocatalytic Water Splitting in Gas-Immunotherapy-Mediated Cancer Treatment.
A specially designed nanoparticle catalyst (BPM) splits water inside tumours using ultrasound, generating both hydrogen and oxygen in situ.
2025 · Chen — A Sustained H₂/Fluorouracil-Releasing Suppository for High-efficacy and Low-Toxicity Hydrogenochemotherapy of Colon Cancer.
Combining hydrogen gas with the standard chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil in a rectal suppository achieved complete tumour eradication in a mouse colon-cancer model — while simultaneously protecting the intestinal tissue from chemotherapy-induced damage.
2025 · Yu — Protective Effects of Hydrogen Treatment Against High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis via Inhibition of the AGEs/RAGE/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Skin Cells.
In cell culture, molecular hydrogen protected human skin cells (keratinocytes and fibroblasts) against the oxidative stress and cell death caused by high glucose or advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) — compounds that accumulate in diabetic tissue.
2025 · Su — Multifaceted Immunomodulatory Nanocomplexes Target Neutrophilic-ROS Inflammation in Acute Lung Injury.
A two-pronged nanoparticle system combining a neutrophil-inhibiting drug with hydrogen-releasing silicon nanoparticles significantly reduced lung injury in mouse models of sepsis-induced acute lung injury (ALI).
2025 · Jiang — Engineering probiotic biohydrogen micro-factories to initiate reductive stress for boosting tumor vulnerability.
Probiotic bacteria (Enterobacter aerogenes) engineered into gel-based microcapsules produced continuous hydrogen inside tumours, inducing a state of „reductive stress“ — the opposite of oxidative stress — that disrupted cancer-cell metabolism and suppressed tumour growth.
2024 · Li — Modulating the Electronic Structure of MnNi₂S₃ Nanoelectrodes to Activate Pyroptosis for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen-Immunotherapy.
Specially engineered nanoelectrodes deliver molecular hydrogen directly to tumor cells via electrolysis, triggering a cell-death pathway called pyroptosis that also activates the immune system to fight cancer.
2024 · Haribabu — Multifaceted exploration of acylthiourea compounds: In vitro cytotoxicity, DFT calculations, molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies.
Two newly synthesized acylthiourea compounds were characterized and tested for cytotoxicity against cancer cells, with molecular docking suggesting potential binding to viral proteases.
2024 · Benoit — d-aspartate, an amino-acid important for human health, supports anaerobic respiration in several Campylobacter species.
Certain gut bacteria in the Campylobacter family can use d-aspartate — a signalling molecule important to the human nervous system — as a nutrient source for anaerobic growth, using molecular hydrogen as an electron donor.
2024 · Xu — Poly(ionic liquid)-Flocculated Chlorella Loading Bactericidal and Antioxidant Hydrogel as a Biological Hydrogen Therapy for Diabetic Wound Dressing.
A hydrogel wound dressing that uses living algae to continuously produce H₂ on-site was engineered and tested on infected diabetic wounds in cell and animal models.
2024 · Lin — Hydrogen-treated CoCrMo alloy: a novel approach to enhance biocompatibility and mitigate inflammation in orthopedic implants.
Treating the surface of a metal alloy used in orthopedic implants with hydrogen reduced free radicals by 85% in cell models, improved cell compatibility, and promoted new bone formation in an initial animal test.
2024 · Meng — Hydrogen Therapy Reverses Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Phenotypes and Remodels Stromal Microenvironment to Stimulate Systematic Anti-Tumor Immunity.
In cell and animal cancer models, a magnesium-based H₂-releasing implant reversed the immune-suppressive behaviour of cancer-associated fibroblasts, turning „cold“ tumors that resist the immune system into „hot“ ones that attract cancer-fighting T cells.
2024 · Yano et al. — Charge Neutralization and β-Elimination Cleavage Mechanism of Family 42 L-Rhamnose-α-1,4-D-Glucuronate Lyase Revealed Using Neutron Crystallography
This structural biochemistry study uses neutron and X-ray crystallography to determine, at atomic resolution, exactly how a fungal enzyme cleaves gum arabic — a complex carbohydrate used as an emulsion stabilizer.
2023 · Agar — The Inhibition Mechanism of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma via LXR Receptors: A Multifaceted Approach Integrating Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics and Post-MD Inter-Molecular Contact Analysis
A computational in-silico study investigated how natural compounds — Baicalein, Beta-Sitosterol, and Polydatin — might inhibit Liver X receptors (LXR), which play a role in the progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).
2023 · Wang — pH-Responsive Delivery of H₂ through Ammonia Borane-Loaded Hollow Polydopamine for Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Therapy
A pH-responsive nanoparticle system (ammonia borane inside hollow polydopamine shells, AB@HPDA) releases H₂ in the acidic environment of a degenerated intervertebral disc, reducing oxidative stress and inflammation in both in-vitro and in-vivo (rat/rabbit) experiments.
2023 · Antonenko — Biological Activity of Novel Organotin Compounds with a Schiff Base Containing an Antioxidant Fragment
Researchers synthesised five new organotin(IV) complexes containing an antioxidant Schiff-base ligand and tested them for antioxidant activity and anti-cancer cell proliferation in vitro.
2023 · Zhu — Two-Dimensional Mg₂Si Nanosheet-Enabled Sustained Hydrogen Generation for Improved Repair and Regeneration of Deeply Burned Skin
A hydrogel dressing embedded with magnesium silicide nanosheets can continuously release molecular H₂ for about one week — and in animal and cell experiments, this sustained H₂ supply significantly accelerated healing of deep burn wounds without visible scarring.
2023 · Yang — Molecular Hydrogen Promotes Adipose-derived Stem Cell Myogenic Differentiation via Regulation of Mitochondria
In cell culture experiments, exposing fat-tissue-derived stem cells to molecular hydrogen significantly improved their survival and their ability to differentiate into muscle cells — an effect linked to improved mitochondrial function and reduced oxidative stress.
2022 · Xiao et al. — Red Tide Short-Time Prediction Using GRU Network Model Based on Multi-Feature Factors: A Case Study in Xiamen Sea Area
This study uses machine learning — specifically a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) neural network — to predict red tide events in a Chinese coastal region up to 6 hours in advance, achieving accuracy rates above 92%.
2022 · Di et al. — A Bio-Inspired, Ultra-Tough, High-Sensitivity, and Anti-Swelling Conductive Hydrogel Strain Sensor for Motion Detection and Information Transmission
Researchers developed a bio-inspired conductive hydrogel with exceptional mechanical toughness (elongation >2000%), high sensitivity, and resistance to swelling — enabling its use as a wearable strain sensor for motion detection and Morse-code information encryption.
2022 · Sebastiampillai et al. — Using a High-Throughput, Whole-Cell Hydrogenase Assay to Identify Potential Small Molecule Inhibitors of [NiFe]-Hydrogenase
This in-vitro study developed a high-throughput screening assay to identify small molecules that could inhibit [NiFe]-hydrogenase enzymes — which certain human pathogens such as E. coli and H.
2022 · González et al. — Dehydrochlorination of PCDDs on SWCN-Supported Ni₁₀ and Ni₁₃ Clusters: A DFT Study
This computational chemistry study investigates how molecular hydrogen (H₂), assisted by nickel nanoclusters adsorbed on carbon nanotubes, can chemically break down polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) — one of the most toxic classes of environmental pollutants.
2022 · Yan et al. — Microbial Hydrogen „Manufactory” for Enhanced Gas Therapy and Self-Activated Immunotherapy via Reduced Immune Escape
Researchers used live photosynthetic bacteria (PSB) as a biological H₂ „factory” to release sustained amounts of hydrogen at tumour sites, selectively disrupting the reactive oxygen species balance in cancer cells while simultaneously stimulating an anti-tumour immune response.
2022 · Geng et al. — Hydrogen Helps to Ameliorate Staphylococcus aureus-Induced Mastitis in Mice
In a mouse model of bacterial mastitis, hydrogen-rich vitamin E glycerin (HR-VEG) applied topically to the mammary gland reduced tissue damage, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), and bacterial load more effectively than regular vitamin E glycerin — by inhibiting the TLR2/Nod2-NF-κB/MAPK signalling cascade.
2022 · Yang — Magnesium galvanic cells produce hydrogen and modulate the tumor microenvironment to inhibit cancer growth
Researchers implanted a magnesium-platinum galvanic rod directly into tumors in animal models; the resulting continuous hydrogen production suppressed tumor growth by disrupting mitochondrial function and neutralizing the acidic tumor environment.
2022 · Zhang — Metal-Organic-Framework-Based Hydrogen-Release Platform for Multieffective Helicobacter Pylori Targeting Therapy and Intestinal Flora Protective Capabilities
Researchers developed a pH-responsive nanoparticle system (palladium-hydrogen loaded into a zinc-based metal-organic framework, coated with an anti-inflammatory hydrogel) that, in both cell and animal experiments, selectively targets stomach inflammation sites, releases hydrogen to kill H.
2022 · Wang — Regulation of chlorothalonil degradation by molecular hydrogen
This in-vitro and plant study shows that molecular hydrogen accelerates the breakdown of the fungicide chlorothalonil in several crop plants — including tomato, rice, and cabbage — without reducing the pesticide's antifungal effectiveness.
2022 · Saitoh — Molecular hydrogen suppresses Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide-induced increases in interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-6 secretion in human gingival cells.
In a laboratory cell model of periodontitis, molecular hydrogen (H₂) significantly reduced the secretion of two key inflammatory cytokines — IL-1α and IL-6 — triggered by a major periodontal pathogen.
2021 · Marzullo et al. — Ammonium Formate-Pd/C as a New Reducing System for 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles: Synthesis of Guanidine Derivatives and Reductive Rearrangement to Quinazolin-4-Ones with Potential Anti-Diabetic Activity
This is an organic chemistry study describing a new laboratory synthesis method for heterocyclic compounds with potential anti-diabetic activity.
2021 · Patterson et al. — H₂ in Antarctic Firn Air: Atmospheric Reconstructions and Implications for Anthropogenic Emissions
This is an atmospheric science study — it investigates how levels of molecular hydrogen (H₂) in the Earth's atmosphere have changed from 1852 to 2003, using ancient air trapped in Antarctic snow layers.
2021 · Bai et al. — A PdMo Bimetallene with Precise Wavelength Adjustment and Catalysis for Synergistic Photothermal Ablation and Hydrogen Therapy of Cancer at Different Depths
This nanotechnology study synthesized a novel palladium-molybdenum (PdMo) bimetallene nanomaterial that simultaneously generates hydrogen gas and produces heat under near-infrared light, enabling combined anti-tumor therapy in mouse models.
2021 · Hughes — Reshaping of bacterial molecular hydrogen metabolism contributes to the outgrowth of commensal E. coli during gut inflammation
During intestinal inflammation, certain gut bacteria — including E. coli — gain a competitive advantage by ramping up their ability to consume molecular hydrogen (H₂).
2021 · V — Investigations of Dianhydro-D-glucitol adsorbed on AuNPs surface: In silico and in vitro approach based on anticancer activity studies against A549 lung cancer cell lines
This in-vitro and computational chemistry study examined how attaching a lung-cancer drug (Dianhydro-D-glucitol) to gold nanoparticles affects its anticancer behaviour against A549 lung cancer cells.
2021 · Wang et al. — Hydrogen therapy as an effective and novel adjuvant treatment against COVID-19
This short theoretical commentary proposes hydrogen therapy as a potential adjuvant approach in COVID-19 treatment. No abstract or experimental data are available for this publication.
2021 · Wang et al. — Response to: Hydrogen therapy as an effective and novel adjuvant treatment against COVID-19
This is a response letter to a commentary proposing hydrogen therapy in COVID-19, published in the same journal issue. No abstract is available for this letter.
2020 · Ichikawa et al. — Proposal of next-generation medical care „Mega-hydrogen Therapy”
This theoretical paper proposes the concept of „Mega-hydrogen Therapy” — delivering unusually high doses of molecular hydrogen (H₂) — as a next-generation medical approach.
2020 · Murugesan et al. — Catalytic reductive aminations using molecular hydrogen for synthesis of different kinds of amines
This is an organic chemistry review on industrial and pharmaceutical amine synthesis using molecular hydrogen as a reducing agent — it has no connection to hydrogen therapy or medical use of H₂ in the human body.
2020 · Kato — Hydrogen-bubbled Platinum-colloid Suppresses Human Esophagus- or Tongue-carcinoma Cells with Intracellular Platinum-uptake and the Diminished Normal-cell Mortality
In cell culture experiments, a combination of hydrogen nano-bubbles and platinum-polyvinylpyrrolidone colloid (PVP-Pt) more strongly suppressed the growth of human esophageal and tongue cancer cells than either agent alone — while showing comparatively less harm to non-malignant epithelial cells.
2020 · Holweg — A Lean Magnesium-Zinc-Calcium Alloy ZX00 Used for Bone Fracture Stabilization in a Large Growing-Animal Model
This animal study evaluated biodegradable magnesium-zinc-calcium (ZX00) screws for bone fracture fixation in growing sheep, finding no significant difference in screw degradation between fractured and non-fractured bones, and — importantly — no negative effect of incidental hydrogen gas formation on fracture healing.
2020 · Wang — NIR-Driven Water Splitting H₂ Production Nanoplatform for H₂-Mediated Cascade-Amplifying Synergetic Cancer Therapy
This in-vitro and animal study presents a complex nanoparticle system that generates H₂ gas inside tumour cells via near-infrared (NIR) laser-driven water splitting, combining hydrogen gas therapy with photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and chemodynamic therapy in a cascade approach against cancer.
2020 · Bhattacharya — Effect of aggrecan degradation on the nanomechanics of hyaluronan in extra-fibrillar matrix of annulus fibrosus: A molecular dynamics investigation.
This computational study uses molecular dynamics simulations to examine how hydration — linked to aggrecan degradation — affects the nanoscale mechanical behaviour of hyaluronan in the outer ring of intervertebral discs.
2020 · Liu — Effect of thermal treatments on in vitro starch digestibility of sorghum dried noodles.
This food science study investigates how roasting, microwave treatment, stir-frying, and heat-moisture treatment (HMT) of sorghum grains affect the starch digestibility and glycemic index of dried sorghum noodles.
2020 · Wang — Hydrogen exerts neuroprotection by activation of the miR-21/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway in an in vitro model of traumatic brain injury.
Using scratched PC12 cells as an in-vitro model of traumatic brain injury, this study shows that hydrogen-rich medium activates the miR-21/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signalling pathway, reduces neuronal apoptosis, and promotes neurite regeneration.
2020 · Ishihara — Molecular hydrogen suppresses superoxide generation in the mitochondrial complex I and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential.
In isolated mitochondria and cultured cells, molecular hydrogen altered the direction of electron flow at complex I, suppressed superoxide generation by 51 %, and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential by 11 %.
2020 · Niu — Hydrogen Attenuates Allergic Inflammation by Reversing Energy Metabolic Pathway Switch
Hydrogen curbs allergic airway inflammation by resetting a disturbed energy metabolism of the immune cells.
2019 · Herdendorf — Staphylococcus aureus Evasion Proteins EapH1 and EapH2: Residue-Level Investigation of an Alternative Binding Motif for Human Neutrophil Elastase
Two bacterial immune-evasion proteins (EapH1 and EapH2) from Staphylococcus aureus inhibit a key human immune enzyme — neutrophil elastase — but use structurally different binding strategies.
2019 · Schmidt — Lifetime of Parahydrogen in Aqueous Solutions and Human Blood
Parahydrogen (pH₂) — a nuclear spin isomer of molecular hydrogen — survives for unexpectedly long periods in water and even in human blood, with lifetimes of 10 to 300 minutes.
2019 · Amberg — Effect of Physical Cues of Altered Extract Media from Biodegradable Magnesium Implants on Human Gingival Fibroblasts
As biodegradable magnesium (Mg) implants corrode, they alter the surrounding medium with elevated Mg²⁺, reduced Ca²⁺, increased osmolality, and dissolved molecular hydrogen (H₂) — all of which affect the migration rate of human gingival fibroblasts.
2019 · Iuchi — Molecular Hydrogen Suppresses Free-Radical-Induced Cell Death by Mitigating Fatty Acid Peroxidation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction
In human leukemia cells exposed to the oxidative stressor tert-butyl hydroperoxide, molecular hydrogen (H₂) reduced fatty acid peroxidation, preserved mitochondrial function, and prevented cell death.
2019 · Kröninger — Energy Conservation in the Gut Microbe Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis Is Based on Membrane-Bound Ferredoxin Oxidation Coupled to Heterodisulfide Reduction
This in-vitro biochemistry study investigates how the gut-derived methanogenic archaeon Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis generates cellular energy — using molecular hydrogen (H₂) as a reductant to form methane from methylamines.
2019 · Moon — Different Molecular Interaction between Collagen and α- or β-Chitin in Mechanically Improved Electrospun Composite
Electrospun composite fibres combining collagen with β-chitin showed 41% higher tensile strength than pure collagen and 14% better than α-chitin composites, due to favourable inter-molecular hydrogen bonds between β-chitin and collagen.
2019 · Htun — Hydrogen ventilation combined with mild hypothermia improves short-term neurological outcomes in a 5-day neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia piglet model.
In newborn piglets that had suffered hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury (a model for birth asphyxia), combining therapeutic hypothermia with hydrogen (H₂) ventilation produced better neurological recovery scores than hypothermia alone over 5 days.
2018 · Nobela — Efficient discrimination of natural stereoisomers of chicoric acid, an HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
This in-vitro chemistry study identifies and distinguishes two stereoisomers of chicoric acid — a plant-derived HIV-1 integrase inhibitor — using LC-MS, UV isomerisation, molecular dynamics, and quantum-chemical calculations.
2018 · Begum — Molecular hydrogen may enhance the production of testosterone hormone in male infertility through hormone signal modulation and redox balance
This is a theoretical hypothesis paper proposing that molecular hydrogen (H₂) might improve testosterone production in male infertility by reducing oxidative stress and modulating intracellular signalling pathways.
2018 · Tamaki — Hydrogen Flush After Cold Storage as a New End-Ischemic Ex Vivo Treatment for Liver Grafts Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury
A novel ex-vivo technique — flushing rat liver grafts with hydrogen-saturated solution (1.0 ppm) after cold storage — significantly reduced ischemia/reperfusion injury markers and preserved both sinusoidal endothelia and bile duct function, compared to controls.
2018 · Vasiliev — Reducing Humidity Response of Gas Sensors for Medical Applications: Use of Spark Discharge Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
This engineering study develops improved tin dioxide (SnO₂) nanoparticle gas sensors that are less sensitive to humidity and can detect hydrogen gas, lactate vapour, and ammonia — biomarkers respectively of gut infections, stomach cancer, and H.
2018 · Zhou — Protective effects of hydrogen-rich medium on lipopolysaccharide-induced injury in human periodontal ligament cells
In cultured human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to simulate bacterial inflammation, hydrogen-rich medium improved cell proliferation, reduced apoptosis, and lowered oxidative stress markers.
2018 · Kadnikov — Lignite coal burning seam in the remote Altai Mountains harbors a hydrogen-driven thermophilic microbial community
In an underground coal fire site in the Altai Mountains, researchers identified thermophilic bacteria that survive by oxidising molecular hydrogen produced during coal combustion.
2018 · Zhang — Hydrogen ameliorates oxidative stress via PI3K-Akt signalling pathway in UVB-induced HaCaT cells
In human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT line) irradiated with UVB, hydrogen treatment reduced reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage markers while activating the PI3K/Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 protective cascade.
2018 · Karunakaran — A molecular dynamics approach to explore the structural characterisation of cataract causing mutation R58H on human γD crystallin
Using molecular dynamics simulations, researchers modelled how the R58H mutation in γD-crystallin — a lens protein — promotes protein misfolding and aggregation, potentially causing cataract.
2017 · Ben Hassen Trabelsi — Hydrogen-Rich Syngas Production from Gasification and Pyrolysis of Solar Dried Sewage Sludge: Experimental and Modelling Investigations
Researchers converted solar-dried sewage sludge into hydrogen-rich synthesis gas (syngas) using pyrolysis and gasification, achieving H₂ contents up to 11 wt% in pyrolysis gas.
2017 · Biswas — A Comprehensive Computational Study on Pathogenic Missense Mutations Spanning the RING2 and REP Domains of Parkin Protein
This purely computational (in silico) study analysed how genetic mutations in the Parkin protein — linked to early-onset Parkinson's disease — affect the protein's structure and function.
2017 · Ostojic — Non-Gut Microbiota as a Source of Bioactive Hydrogen
This theoretical paper proposes that hydrogen-producing microorganisms outside the gastrointestinal tract — for example in the oral cavity, skin, or urogenital system — may contribute to the body's endogenous H₂ supply.
2016 · Lipinski — Rule of Five in 2015 and Beyond: Target and Ligand Structural Limitations, Ligand Chemistry Structure and Drug Discovery Project Decisions
This paper by the creator of the famous „Rule of Five“ (Ro5) re-examines the physicochemical limits of oral drug molecules and discusses how natural products — with their intramolecular hydrogen bonds — create exceptions to these rules.
2016 · Coplen — A revision in hydrogen isotopic composition of USGS42 and USGS43 human-hair stable isotopic reference materials for forensic science
This analytical chemistry paper revises the certified hydrogen isotope values of two international reference materials (USGS42 and USGS43) made from human hair, used in forensic stable isotope analysis.
2016 · Wolf — H₂ metabolism is widespread and diverse among human colonic microbes
A large-scale genomic and metagenomic analysis shows that 70% of microbial species in the human colon encode genes for metabolising molecular hydrogen (H₂), and that electron-bifurcating fermentation — rather than respiratory H₂ oxidation — is the dominant mechanism of H₂ recycling in the gut.
2016 · Zhao — Dock 'n roll: folding of a silk-inspired polypeptide into an amyloid-like beta solenoid
This computational chemistry and molecular dynamics study analyses how a silk-inspired polypeptide folds into a stable beta-solenoid structure — a question in structural biology and materials science.
2016 · An — Discovery of novel 2-phenyl-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine analogues targeting tubulin polymerization as antiproliferative agents
This medicinal chemistry study reports the synthesis and cancer-cell testing of new imidazo-pyridine compounds that inhibit tubulin polymerization — an approach to blocking cancer cell division.
2016 · Yang — Optically-Induced Cell Fusion on Cell Pairing Microstructures
This bioengineering paper reports a new technique called optically-induced cell fusion (OICF) that uses light-patterned virtual electrodes on a photoconductive film to selectively fuse paired cells with high efficiency.
2016 · Zhang — How the Imidazole Ring Modulates Amyloid Formation of Islet Amyloid Polypeptide: A Chemical Modification Study
This in-vitro biochemistry study investigated the role of a specific amino acid (histidine-18) in the misfolding of islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP), a protein linked to type 2 diabetes.
2016 · Ostojic — Is Melanin a Source of Bioactive Molecular Hydrogen?
This theoretical paper proposes that melanin — the pigment in human skin, hair, and eyes — may act as a natural biological source of molecular hydrogen (H₂) in the body.
2016 · Davoren — Design and Optimization of Selective Azaindole Amide M1 Positive Allosteric Modulators
This drug-design study developed a new class of small-molecule compounds that selectively activate the M1 muscarinic receptor — a target relevant to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease.
2016 · Mohamed — Antioxidants and K⁺ Channel Agonists versus Hydrogen Therapy during Ex Vivo Lung Perfusion
This study compared different protective strategies — antioxidants, potassium channel agonists, and hydrogen therapy — applied during ex-vivo lung perfusion (EVLP), a technique used to preserve and assess donor lungs before transplantation.
2016 · Chetty — Multi-Drug Resistance Profile of PR20 HIV-1 Protease Is Attributed to Distorted Conformational and Drug Binding Landscape: Molecular Dynamics Insights
This computational chemistry study analyzed how 20 mutations in the HIV-1 protease (PR20 variant) distort its structure and reduce drug binding, explaining the high multi-drug resistance of this variant.
2015 · Ma et al. — Discovery of novel quinoline-based mTOR inhibitors via introducing intra-molecular hydrogen bonding scaffold (iMHBS): The design, synthesis and biological evaluation.
Researchers designed and synthesized a series of quinoline compounds that use intramolecular hydrogen bonding to inhibit the mTOR enzyme — a key cancer growth regulator — with several candidates showing potent activity against cancer cell lines.
2015 · Chen et al. — Molecular hydrogen protects mice against polymicrobial sepsis by ameliorating endothelial dysfunction via an Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
In a mouse sepsis model, molecular hydrogen suppressed the inflammatory cascade and endothelial injury — both in cell culture and in live animals — by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway.
2015 · Yu et al. — Protective effects of hydrogen-rich medium on lipopolysaccharide-induced monocytic adhesion and vascular endothelial permeability through regulation of vascular endothelial cadherin.
In endothelial cell culture, hydrogen-rich medium reduced the inflammation-triggered adhesion of monocytes to vessel walls and preserved the integrity of the endothelial barrier — effects mediated through the adhesion protein VE-cadherin.
2015 · Song et al. — Molecular hydrogen stabilizes atherosclerotic plaque in low-density lipoprotein receptor-knockout mice.
In atherosclerosis-prone mice, molecular hydrogen stabilized vulnerable plaque — increasing collagen content, reducing macrophage infiltration, and suppressing the endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative damage that drive plaque rupture.
2015 · Bhakat — Effect of T68A/N126Y mutations on the conformational and ligand binding landscape of Coxsackievirus B3 3C protease.
Computational modelling reveals how two point mutations in the Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) 3C protease weaken the enzyme's grip on its antiviral inhibitor — a structural basis for drug resistance.
2015 · Chikan et al. — Atomic Insight into the Altered O6-Methylguanine-DNA Methyltransferase Protein Architecture in Gastric Cancer.
A missense mutation at codon 151 of the DNA-repair protein MGMT — found in nearly 40 % of tested gastric-cancer tissue samples — causes major structural disruption of the protein's active site, as shown by molecular dynamics simulation.
2015 · Wang et al. — Michael acceptor in gambogic acid — Its role and application for potent antitumor agents.
Gambogic acid (GA), a natural compound with broad anti-cancer activity, contains a highly reactive Michael acceptor at its C-10 position that limits clinical use by reacting non-selectively with biological nucleophiles.
2015 · Ostojic — Eumelanin-driven production of molecular hydrogen: A novel element of skin defense?
This theoretical hypothesis paper proposes that eumelanin — the dark pigment in skin and hair — may produce endogenous molecular hydrogen (H₂) and that this capacity could represent a previously overlooked mechanism of skin protection against oxidative stress.
2015 · Xie et al. — Hydrogen-Rich Medium Attenuated Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Monocyte-Endothelial Cell Adhesion and Vascular Endothelial Permeability via Rho-Associated Coiled-Coil Protein Kinase.
In LPS-stimulated endothelial cell cultures, hydrogen-rich medium (H₂-RM) blocked monocyte-to-endothelium adhesion, decreased expression of adhesion molecules, and restored vascular barrier function — all via suppression of the ROCK signalling pathway.
2015 · Bharty et al. — Synthesis, spectral characterization, thermal behaviour, antibacterial activity and DFT calculation on N'-[bis(methylsulfanyl)methylene]-2-hydroxybenzohydrazide and N'-(4-methoxybenzoyl)-hydrazinecarbodithioic acid ethyl ester.
Two new synthetic compounds based on hydrazone scaffolds were characterised by X-ray crystallography, NMR, IR, and thermal analysis; both showed antibacterial activity and nonlinear optical (NLO) properties superior to urea.
2015 · Oda et al. — Prediction of binding modes between protein L-isoaspartyl (D-aspartyl) O-methyltransferase and peptide substrates including isomerized aspartic acid residues using in silico analytic methods for the substrate screening.
Computational docking and molecular dynamics simulation successfully predicted how the DNA-repair enzyme PIMT recognises isomerised aspartic acid variants in peptide substrates — distinguishing true substrates from non-substrates purely in silico.
2015 · Guan et al. — Effects of vitamin C, vitamin E, and molecular hydrogen on the placental function in trophoblast cells.
In cultured trophoblast cell lines, high doses of vitamins C and E reduced cell viability and increased the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α — whereas molecular hydrogen (H₂) at equivalent concentrations did neither, suggesting a more favourable safety profile for H₂ as an antioxidant in placental biology.
2015 · Casanova et al. — Campylobacter concisus pseudo-outbreak caused by improved culture conditions.
A hospital in Bern noticed a sudden rise in Campylobacter concisus detections — but it turned out to be a pseudo-outbreak caused by switching to a hydrogen-enriched atmosphere in the lab, which made the bacterium grow far better.
2014 · Reis et al. — Clusianone, a naturally occurring nemorosone regioisomer, uncouples rat liver mitochondria and induces HepG2 cell death.
This in-vitro and animal study characterised clusianone — a natural plant compound — as a mitochondrial uncoupler and anticancer agent, where hydrogen appears only as a structural feature of the molecule (an intramolecular hydrogen bond), not as a therapeutic substance.
2014 · Coban — DNA-binding studies and antitumor evaluation of novel water soluble organic pip and hpip analogs
Two newly synthesized water-soluble organic compounds (pip and hpip analogs) were tested for DNA-binding and antitumor activity in cell culture.
2013 · Wang — Regulative effects of hydrogen-rich medium on monocytic adhesion and vascular endothelial permeability
In this in-vitro study, hydrogen-rich culture medium significantly reduced the LPS-induced adhesion of monocytes to endothelial cells, lowered inflammatory adhesion molecules (E-selectin, VCAM-1), and protected vascular endothelial integrity (VE-cadherin).
2013 · Ramachandran — An in silico analysis of troponin I mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of Indian origin
Four mutations in the Troponin I gene (including one novel mutation) were identified in Indian patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and in-silico structural modeling showed these mutations disrupt intermolecular hydrogen bonds within the troponin complex, reducing protein stability and subunit interactions.
2013 · Yang et al. — Molecular hydrogen protects human lymphocyte AHH-1 cells against 12C6+ heavy ion radiation.
In a cell culture experiment, molecular hydrogen (H₂) reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS), attenuated apoptosis, and alleviated cell cycle arrest in human lymphocyte cells exposed to heavy-ion radiation — a type of ionising radiation used in cancer radiotherapy and relevant to space travel.
2013 · Alexandrescu — Amide proton solvent protection in amylin fibrils probed by quenched hydrogen exchange NMR.
This structural biology study used hydrogen-deuterium exchange NMR spectroscopy to map the secondary structure of amylin (a hormone that forms amyloid plaques in type 2 diabetes) inside protein fibrils.
2012 · Wang et al. — Binding hot-spots in an antibody-ssDNA interface: a molecular dynamics study.
This computational biology study used molecular dynamics simulations to identify key amino acid residues that stabilise the interaction between a lupus-associated antibody and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA).
2012 · Hopper et al. — Evidence for the preservation of native inter- and intra-molecular hydrogen bonds in the desolvated FK-binding protein·FK506 complex produced by electrospray ionization.
This biophysical study used mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry to investigate whether protein-ligand hydrogen bonds are preserved when protein complexes are transferred from solution into the gas phase by electrospray ionisation.
2012 · Madsen et al. — Charge-site-dependent dissociation of hydrogen-rich radical peptide cations upon vacuum UV photoexcitation.
This study investigates a highly specialized mass spectrometry technique for analyzing peptide structure — specifically how „hydrogen-rich" radical peptide ions fragment when excited by vacuum ultraviolet light.
2012 · Chang et al. — Inhibition of hepatitis C virus NS5A by fluoro-olefin based γ-turn mimetics.
This study develops a new class of antiviral compounds targeting the NS5A protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) — using a fluoro-olefin chemical scaffold to mimic the three-dimensional structure of natural peptide inhibitors.
2011 · Schneider — The Trichomonas vaginalis Hydrogenosome Proteome Is Highly Reduced Relative to Mitochondria, Yet Complex Compared with Mitosomes
This cell-biology study maps the full protein inventory of the hydrogenosome — a molecular-hydrogen-producing organelle in the human parasite Trichomonas vaginalis — revealing 569 proteins, far fewer than mitochondria but far more than the most stripped-down mitochondria-related organelles.
2011 · Slaba — Variation in Lunar Neutron Dose Estimates
This theoretical physics study calculates how much albedo neutrons — reflected cosmic rays — contribute to radiation exposure on the lunar surface, and shows that hydrogen-rich shielding materials such as polyethylene can reduce that exposure.
2011 · Yu — Hydrogen-Rich Medium Protects Human Skin Fibroblasts from High Glucose or Mannitol Induced Oxidative Damage
In human skin fibroblasts stressed with high glucose or mannitol — models of diabetic oxidative stress — a hydrogen-rich culture medium significantly reduced intracellular superoxide, stabilised mitochondrial membrane potential, and lowered markers of DNA and protein oxidation damage.
2011 · Lazzeroni — Production of Clinically Useful Positron Emitter Beams During Carbon Ion Deceleration
This radiation physics study models how to produce high-energy carbon-11 (¹¹C) fragments from a primary ¹²C beam for simultaneous cancer treatment and PET imaging — and finds that hydrogen-rich materials such as liquid hydrogen and polyethylene are the most efficient decelerators for this process.
2011 · Liu — Quinazolines with Intra-Molecular Hydrogen Bonding Scaffold (iMHBS) as PI3K/mTOR Dual Inhibitors
This medicinal chemistry study designs and synthesises a series of quinazoline molecules that use intra-molecular hydrogen bonding to form a pseudo-ring structure, acting as potent dual inhibitors of PI3K and mTOR — two kinases central to cancer cell proliferation and survival.
2010 · Kurisaki — Spontaneous adjustment mechanism in an RNA-binding protein: cooperation between energetic stabilization and target search enhancement.
This computational biology study used molecular dynamics simulation to analyse structural changes in an RNA-binding protein (NOVA) after it dissociates from its RNA target.
2009 · Zhu — A novel antibody fragment targeting HAb18G/CD147 with cytotoxicity and decreased immunogenicity.
This in-vitro study describes the engineering of a humanized antibody fragment targeting CD147, a protein overexpressed on hepatocellular carcinoma cells, to reduce immunogenicity while maintaining cytotoxic activity.
2009 · Kovala-Demertzi — Organotin meclofenamic complexes: Synthesis, crystal structures and antiproliferative activity of the first complexes of meclofenamic acid — novel anti-tuberculosis agents.
This in-vitro chemistry study synthesized and characterized organotin complexes of meclofenamic acid and tested them against cancer cell lines and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
2009 · Tsai — Enhanced induction of mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells due to electrolyzed-reduced water and glutathione.
This in-vitro study found that electrolyzed-reduced water (ERW) combined with glutathione (GSH) enhanced apoptosis in human leukemia (HL-60) cells, while showing no cytotoxic effect in normal blood cells.
2008 · Benchimol — The hydrogenosome as a drug target.
This in-vitro review/study describes hydrogenosomes — organelles found in certain parasitic microorganisms (such as Trichomonas) that produce molecular hydrogen — as potential drug targets for anti-parasitic therapies.
2008 · da Silva — Hydrogen as an energy source for the human pathogen Bilophila wadsworthia.
This in-vitro microbiology study showed that the gut pathogen Bilophila wadsworthia can use molecular hydrogen (H₂) as an excellent growth substrate through its multiple hydrogenase enzymes.
2007 · Tovar et al. — A mitosome purification protocol based on percoll density gradients and its use in validating the mitosomal nature of Entamoeba histolytica mitochondrial Hsp70
This cell biology study describes a method to isolate „mitosomes“ — highly reduced, hydrogen-independent remnants of mitochondria — from the intestinal parasite Entamoeba histolytica.
2005 · Maier — Use of molecular hydrogen as an energy substrate by human pathogenic bacteria
Several pathogenic bacteria — including Helicobacter pylori (stomach), Helicobacter hepaticus (liver), and Salmonella — can use molecular hydrogen (H₂) produced in the gut as a respiratory fuel, and this ability significantly enhances their capacity to colonise and cause disease in animals.
2004 · Yu et al. — Studies on human breast cancer tissues with Raman microspectroscopy
This in-vitro spectroscopy study uses Raman microspectroscopy to identify molecular differences between normal and malignant human breast tissue samples, finding changes in nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids in cancer tissue.
2002 · Avvakumov et al. — Crystal structure of human sex hormone-binding globulin in complex with 2-methoxyestradiol reveals the molecular basis for high affinity interactions with C-2 derivatives of estradiol
This in-vitro structural biology study resolves the crystal structure of human sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) bound to 2-methoxyestradiol, explaining at the atomic level why certain estradiol derivatives bind with high or low affinity.
2002 · van der Giezen — Conserved properties of hydrogenosomal and mitochondrial ADP/ATP carriers: a common origin for both organelles.
Hydrogenosomes — the hydrogen-producing organelles found in certain anaerobic eukaryotes — and mitochondria share the same fundamental ADP/ATP transport machinery, providing strong evidence that both organelles descend from a common ancestor.
2001 · Benchimol — Hydrogenosome morphological variation induced by fibronectin and other drugs in Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus.
Hydrogenosomes — organelles in anaerobic protozoa that produce molecular hydrogen — show remarkable morphological plasticity when exposed to fibronectin, hydroxyurea, or cytochalasin B.
1999 · Nakayama — CTAB-mediated enrichment for active forms of novel dimeric maxizymes.
This in-vitro study shows that the cationic detergent CTAB dramatically enhances the activity of dimeric ribozymes called maxizymes, by promoting the conversion of inactive conformations into active forms.
1999 · Schneider — Anaerobic transformation of quercetin-3-glucoside by bacteria from the human intestinal tract.
This in-vitro study identifies two types of intestinal bacteria — Enterococcus casseliflavus and Eubacterium ramulus — capable of degrading the plant flavonoid quercetin-3-glucoside under anaerobic conditions.
1994 · Chakravarty — Drug–Protein Interactions: Refined Structures of Three Sulfonamide Drug Complexes of Human Carbonic Anhydrase I Enzyme
This in-vitro crystallography study resolved the atomic structures of three sulfonamide drugs bound to human carbonic anhydrase I (HCAI) at 2 Å resolution, revealing how hydrogen bonds within the enzyme's active site determine inhibitor orientation and potency.
1994 · McGown — Regeneration of Functional Hemoglobin from Partially Oxidized Hemoglobin in the Presence of Molecular Hydrogen and a Multicomponent Redox Catalyst
This in-vitro study demonstrated that molecular hydrogen (H₂) can reduce partially oxidized (met-)hemoglobin back to functional hemoglobin when a multicomponent redox catalyst is present — a proof-of-concept for H₂ as a biochemical reducing agent.
1947 · FARKAS — On the activation of molecular hydrogen by Proteus vulgaris.
This 1947 paper investigated how the bacterium Proteus vulgaris activates molecular hydrogen (H₂) — an early study in microbial hydrogen metabolism. No abstract is available for this historical publication.