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Drinking (HRW)

Drinking hydrogen-rich water (HRW): water with molecular hydrogen dissolved into it, taken orally — the most-studied route in humans. The H₂ concentration reached depends heavily on how the water is made and stored, and it fades quickly once opened.

Human studies on molecular hydrogen given by Drinking (HRW). This page collects the 191 studies using this route — 37 randomized trials, 37 pilot/observational studies and 42 reviews. Listed newest first.

2026 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

2026 · Nguyen — Advances in hydrogen delivery strategies for therapeutic applications

Advanced drug delivery reviews

2025 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Ye — Molecular hydrogen as a novel regulator of cellular pyroptosis: mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications

Molecular biology reports

2025 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Bjørklund — Advanced Glycation End Products and Skin Autoimmune Disorders: Pathogenic Insights into Vitiligo, Bullous Pemphigoid, and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Current medicinal chemistry

2025 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Bilski — Antioxidant Therapies as Emerging Adjuncts in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Targeting Oxidative Stress to Enhance Treatment Outcomes

International journal of molecular sciences

2025 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Alaqel — Aging, vascular dysfunction, and the blood-brain barrier: unveiling the pathophysiology of stroke in older adults

Biogerontology

2025 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Meng — Oral Administration of Hydrogen-rich Water: Biomedical Activities, Potential Mechanisms, and Clinical Applications

Current pharmaceutical design

2024 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2024 · Dhillon — Hydrogen Water: Extra Healthy or a Hoax?—A Systematic Review

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

2024 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2024 · Glevicka — Perspective Targeted Diagnosis and Therapy of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Across Different Diagnoses

Bratislavske lekarske listy

2023 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

2023 · Kuo — Molecular Hydrogen: Emerging Treatment for Stroke Management

Chemical Research in Toxicology

2023 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Saline / IV Bath / Topical Drinking (HRW)

2023 · Saengsin et al. — Hydrogen Therapy as a Potential Therapeutic Intervention in Heart Disease: From the Past Evidence to Future Application

Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS

2023 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2023 · Li — Trend of research on the medical use of molecular hydrogen: a bibliometric analysis

Medical gas research

2022 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2022 · LeBaron — Electrolyzed-Reduced Water: Review I. Molecular Hydrogen Is the Exclusive Agent Responsible for the Therapeutic Effects

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

2022 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2022 · Lippi — Impact of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements on mitochondria modifications in healthy aging: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Aging clinical and experimental research

2021 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Noda — Neuroprotective and Preventative Effects of Molecular Hydrogen

Current Pharmaceutical Design

2021 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Bragina — Intestinal microbiota of athletes.

Voprosy pitaniia

2021 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Saline / IV Bath / Topical Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Quan — Protective effects of molecular hydrogen on lung injury from lung transplantation.

Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)

2021 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Ostojic — Hydrogen Gas as an Exotic Performance-Enhancing Agent: Challenges and Opportunities

Current pharmaceutical design

2020 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Bath / Topical Drinking (HRW)

2020 · Kawamura et al. — Application of Molecular Hydrogen as a Novel Antioxidant in Sports Science

Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity

2020 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2020 · Benoit — Molecular Hydrogen Metabolism: a Widespread Trait of Pathogenic Bacteria and Protists

Microbiology and molecular biology reviews : MMBR

2019 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

2019 · LeBaron et al. — A New Approach for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disorders. Molecular Hydrogen Significantly Reduces the Effects of Oxidative Stress.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)

2019 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2019 · Noda et al. — Circulating messenger for neuroprotection induced by molecular hydrogen.

Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology

2019 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2019 · Ishibashi — Therapeutic Efficacy of Molecular Hydrogen: A New Mechanistic Insight.

Current pharmaceutical design

2019 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2019 · LeBaron et al. — Hydrogen gas: from clinical medicine to an emerging ergogenic molecule for sports athletes.

Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology

2018 Review / Meta-analysis Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

2018 · Chen — Research progress of hydrogen-rich saline for eye diseases.

[Zhonghua yan ke za zhi] Chinese journal of ophthalmology

2017 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

2017 · Iketani — Molecular Hydrogen as a Neuroprotective Agent

Current Neuropharmacology

2016 Review / Meta-analysis Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

2016 · Iida — The Clinical Application of Hydrogen as a Medical Treatment

Acta medica Okayama

2015 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Saline / IV Bath / Topical Drinking (HRW)

2015 · Ohta — Molecular hydrogen as a novel antioxidant: overview of the advantages of hydrogen for medical applications.

Methods in enzymology

2015 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2015 · Osonoi — [Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor]. (Nihon Rinsho)

Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine

2014 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Saline / IV Bath / Topical Drinking (HRW)

2014 · Ohta — Molecular hydrogen as a preventive and therapeutic medical gas: initiation, development and potential of hydrogen medicine.

Pharmacology & therapeutics

2013 Review / Meta-analysis Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

2013 · Qian — Hydrogen as a new class of radioprotective agent

International journal of biological sciences

2013 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2013 · Takaki — Multiple hits, including oxidative stress, as pathogenesis and treatment target in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

International journal of molecular sciences

2012 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2012 · Chuai — Molecular hydrogen and radiation protection

Free Radical Research

2012 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2012 · Ohno et al. — Molecular hydrogen as an emerging therapeutic medical gas for neurodegenerative and other diseases.

Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity

2012 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Saline / IV Bath / Topical Drinking (HRW)

2012 · Ohta — Molecular hydrogen is a novel antioxidant to efficiently reduce oxidative stress with potential for the improvement of mitochondrial diseases.

Biochimica et biophysica acta

2011 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Saline / IV Bath / Topical Drinking (HRW)

2011 · Ohta — Recent progress toward hydrogen medicine: potential of molecular hydrogen for preventive and therapeutic applications.

Current pharmaceutical design

2011 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2011 · Acuña Castroviejo — Melatonin-Mitochondria Interplay in Health and Disease

Current topics in medicinal chemistry

2010 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2010 · Woods — Computational glycoscience: characterizing the spatial and temporal properties of glycans and glycan-protein complexes.

Current opinion in structural biology

2009 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2009 · Mahlen — Oral abscess caused by Campylobacter rectus: case report and literature review.

Journal of clinical microbiology

2004 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2004 · Züttel — Hydrogen storage methods

Die Naturwissenschaften

2002 Review / Meta-analysis Drinking (HRW)

2002 · Acuña Castroviejo et al. — Melatonin, mitochondrial homeostasis and mitochondrial-related diseases

Current topics in medicinal chemistry

1988 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

1988 · Scrimshaw — The acceptability of milk and milk products in populations with a high prevalence of lactose intolerance.

The American journal of clinical nutrition

1988 Review / Meta-analysis Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

1988 · Holm — Role of blood flow in gastric acid secretion.

The American journal of physiology

2026 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2026 · Stolecka-Warzecha — Redox Water Consumption Attenuates Exercise-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Physically Active Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Nutrients

2026 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2026 · Kuang — Exploratory Evaluation of Hydrogen-Rich Water Therapy for Keloid Management: A Double-Blinded Randomized Pilot Trial

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery

2025 RCT Human H₂ therapy Tablets Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Ogannisyan — Hydrogen-Rich Water Decreases Muscle Damage and Improves Power Endurance in Elite Athletes: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Journal of Lifestyle Medicine

2025 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Kuzmanovic — The effects of drinking hydrogen-rich water for six weeks on exercise-related biomarkers in exercise-naïve men and women over 50 years following resistance training program: a randomized controlled pilot trial

Research in Sports Medicine

2025 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Khlifi — Pre-Exercise Ingestion of Hydrogen-Rich Cold Water Enhances Endurance Performance and Lactate Response in Heat

Medicina (Kaunas)

2025 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Todorovic — The Effects of 8-Week Hydrogen-Rich Water Consumption on Appetite, Body Composition, Sleep Quality, and Circulating Glucagon-like Peptide-1 in Obese Men and Women (HYDRAPPET): A Randomized Controlled Trial

Medicina (Kaunas)

2025 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Zhang — Hydrogen-rich water supplementation attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic high-altitude disease patients: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled study

Food Research International

2024 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2024 · Aker — The effect of hydrogen-rich water consumption on premenstrual symptoms and quality of life: a randomized controlled trial

BMC Women's Health

2024 RCT Human H₂ therapy Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2024 · Zhao — Hydrogen gas inhalation prior to high-intensity training reduces attenuation of nitric oxide bioavailability in male rugby players

PeerJ

2024 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2024 · Tan — The Effect of 14-Day Consumption of Hydrogen-Rich Water Alleviates Fatigue but Does Not Ameliorate Dyspnea in Long-COVID Patients: A Pilot, Single-Blind, and Randomized, Controlled Trial

Nutrients

2023 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2023 · Najmanová — Effect of Acute Hydrogen-Rich Water Intake on Intraocular Pressure in Healthy Subjects

Ceska a slovenska oftalmologie

2022 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2022 · Botek — Hydrogen Rich Water Consumption Positively Affects Muscle Performance, Lactate Response, and Alleviates Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness After Resistance Training

Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

2022 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2022 · Botek — Molecular Hydrogen Mitigates Performance Decrement during Repeated Sprints in Professional Soccer Players

Nutrients

2022 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2022 · Valenta — Acute pre-exercise hydrogen rich water intake does not improve running performance at maximal aerobic speed in trained track and field runners: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study

PLoS ONE

2022 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2022 · Alharbi — The Acute Effects of a Single Dose of Molecular Hydrogen Supplements on Responses to Ergogenic Adjustments during High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise in Humans

Nutrients

2021 RCT Human H₂ therapy Bath / Topical Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Javorac — Hydrotherapy with hydrogen-rich water compared with RICE protocol following acute ankle sprain in professional athletes: a randomized non-inferiority pilot trial

Research in Sports Medicine

2021 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Alharbi — Application of Molecular Hydrogen as an Antioxidant in Responses to Ventilatory and Ergogenic Adjustments during Incremental Exercise in Humans

Nutrients

2021 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Zanini — The effects of 6-month hydrogen-rich water intake on molecular and phenotypic biomarkers of aging in older adults aged 70 years and over: A randomized controlled pilot trial

Experimental Gerontology

2020 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2020 · Ooi — Acute ingestion of hydrogen-rich water does not improve incremental treadmill running performance in endurance-trained athletes

Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism

2020 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2020 · Ishibashi — Peripheral endothelial function can be improved by daily consumption of water containing over 7 ppm of dissolved hydrogen: A randomized controlled trial

PLoS One

2020 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2020 · Sim — Hydrogen-rich water reduces inflammatory responses and prevents apoptosis of peripheral blood cells in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

Scientific Reports

2020 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2020 · Hori — Two-week continuous supplementation of hydrogen-rich water increases peak oxygen uptake during an incremental cycling exercise test in healthy humans: a randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled study

Medical Gas Research

2020 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2020 · Dobashi et al. — Hydrogen-rich water suppresses the reduction in blood total antioxidant capacity induced by 3 consecutive days of severe exercise in physically active males.

Medical gas research

2019 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2019 · Mikami — Drinking hydrogen water enhances endurance and relieves psychometric fatigue: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology

2019 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2019 · Botek — Hydrogen Rich Water Improved Ventilatory, Perceptual and Lactate Responses to Exercise

International Journal of Sports Medicine

2019 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2019 · Korovljev et al. — Hydrogen-rich water reduces liver fat accumulation and improves liver enzyme profiles in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled pilot trial.

Clinics and research in hepatology and gastroenterology

2018 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2018 · Yoritaka — Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Trial of Hydrogen Water for Parkinson's Disease

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society

2018 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2018 · Nishimaki — Effects of Molecular Hydrogen Assessed by an Animal Model and a Randomized Clinical Study on Mild Cognitive Impairment

Current Alzheimer research

2018 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2018 · Korovljev — Molecular Hydrogen Affects Body Composition, Metabolic Profiles, and Mitochondrial Function in Middle-Aged Overweight Women

Irish journal of medical science

2016 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2016 · Yoritaka et al. — A randomized double-blind multi-center trial of hydrogen water for Parkinson's disease: protocol and baseline characteristics.

BMC neurology

2014 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2014 · Sakai et al. — Consumption of water containing over 3.5 mg of dissolved hydrogen could improve vascular endothelial function.

Vascular health and risk management

2014 RCT Human H₂ therapy Tablets Bath / Topical Drinking (HRW)

2014 · Ostojic et al. — Effectiveness of oral and topical hydrogen for sports-related soft tissue injuries.

Postgraduate medicine

2014 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2014 · Ostojic et al. — Hydrogen-rich water affected blood alkalinity in physically active men.

Research in sports medicine (Print)

2013 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2013 · Xia et al. — Effect of hydrogen-rich water on oxidative stress, liver function, and viral load in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

Clinical and translational science

2013 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2013 · Yoritaka et al. — Pilot study of H₂ therapy in Parkinson's disease: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society

2013 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2013 · Matsumoto et al. — Effect of supplementation with hydrogen-rich water in patients with interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome.

Urology

2008 RCT Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2008 · Kajiyama — Supplementation of hydrogen-rich water improves lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance

Nutrition Research

2026 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2026 · Pesotskaya — Hydration Bioanalyses of the Effects of Hydrogen-Rich Water (HRW)

Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland : 1960)

2026 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2026 · Li — Adjunctive Molecular Hydrogen Capsule Therapy in Empyema Complicated by Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy: A Case Report

In vivo (Athens, Greece)

2026 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

2026 · Lin et al. — Adjunctive Molecular Hydrogen Therapy Modulates T Cell Markers and Reduces Anti-Ro Antibody in Refractory Oral Ulcers of Behçet's Disease and Sjögren's Syndrome: A Case Report

In vivo (Athens, Greece)

2026 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2026 · Tsai et al. — Rhupus Syndrome With Multiple Drug Intolerances Managed by Reduced-dose Rituximab and Adjunctive Molecular Hydrogen Therapy: A Case Report

In vivo (Athens, Greece)

2025 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Ren et al. — A Case Report of Adjuvant Molecular Hydrogen Therapy in Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis With Atlantoaxial Subluxation

In vivo (Athens, Greece)

2025 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Tu et al. — Immunomodulatory Effects of Molecular Hydrogen Therapy in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus With Pericarditis and Pleuritis: A Case Report

In vivo (Athens, Greece)

2025 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Wong et al. — Nano-Bubble Hydrogen Water in Wet-Wrap Dressing Improves the Severity of Pediatric Patients With Atopic Dermatitis

Journal of pediatric health care : official publication of National Association of Pediatric Nurse Associates & Practitioners

2025 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Hruby et al. — Hydrogen-Rich Water Consumption for Acute and Residual Fatigue After Simulated Football Matches: Protocol for a Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Trial

JMIR research protocols

2025 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Lui et al. — Predicting Therapeutic Response to Molecular Hydrogen in Autoimmune Diseases via Immunophenotyping

APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica

2025 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Tu et al. — Molecular Hydrogen Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case Report on the Amelioration of Methotrexate-induced Myelosuppression and Immune Modulation

In vivo (Athens, Greece)

2024 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2024 · Lu — Using oral molecular hydrogen supplements to combat microinflammation in humans: a pilot observational study

International Journal of Medical Sciences

2024 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2024 · Chen — Molecular Hydrogen Therapy in Aneurysmal SAH With RA and Newly-diagnosed SLE, Complicated With Acute Ischemic Infarction: A Case Report of Improved Immune Markers Including Tr1 Cells, Breg Cells and TIM3 Expression on Tc Cells.

In vivo (Athens, Greece)

2024 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2024 · Lin — Early Hydrogen-Oxygen Gas Mixture Inhalation in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (HOMA): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.

Trials

2024 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2024 · Guan — Successful treatment of Behçet's disease ulcers and skin lesions with hydrogen water.

International journal of dermatology

2023 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2023 · Korovljev — Hydrogen-rich water upregulates fecal propionic acid levels in overweight adults.

Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.)

2023 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Tablets Drinking (HRW)

2023 · Sumbalová — The Effect of Adjuvant Therapy with Molecular Hydrogen on Endogenous Coenzyme Q10 Levels and Platelet Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.

International journal of molecular sciences

2023 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2023 · Wang — Effects of molecular hydrogen intervention on the gut microbiome in methamphetamine abusers with mental disorder.

Brain research bulletin

2022 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2022 · Dong — Short-Term Consumption of Hydrogen-Rich Water Enhances Power Performance and Heart Rate Recovery in Dragon Boat Athletes

International journal of environmental research and public health

2021 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Bath / Topical Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Kato — Heat-retention effects of hydrogen-rich water bath assessed by thermography for humans

Journal of Thermal Biology

2021 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Hong — Effects of concomitant use of hydrogen water and photobiomodulation on Parkinson disease: A pilot study

Medicine

2021 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Kubota — Randomized, crossover clinical efficacy trial in humans and mice on tear secretion promotion and lacrimal gland protection by molecular hydrogen

Scientific Reports

2021 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Si — Effects of hydrogen as adjuvant treatment for unstable angina

Experimental biology and medicine (Maywood, N.J.)

2020 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2020 · Qian — Hydrogen in Patients With Corticosteroid-Refractory/Dependent Chronic Graft-Versus-Host-Disease: A Single-Arm, Multicenter, Open-Label, Phase 2 Trial

Frontiers in Immunology

2020 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2020 · Asada et al. — Effects of hydrogen-rich water prepared by alternating-current-electrolysis on antioxidant activity, DNA oxidative injuries, and diabetes-related markers.

Medical gas research

2020 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2020 · Javorac et al. — Case Report: Acute hydrotherapy with super-saturated hydrogen-rich water for ankle sprain in a professional athlete.

F1000Research

2019 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Tablets Drinking (HRW)

2019 · Javorac et al. — Case Report: Buccal administration of hydrogen-producing blend after a mild traumatic brain injury in a professional athlete.

F1000Research

2019 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2019 · Yang et al. — Skin ulcers infected with conditional pathogenic strains treated with local hydrogen water packing in two pemphigus vulgaris patients: Case reports with follow-up for 2 months.

Dermatologic therapy

2019 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Bath / Topical Drinking (HRW)

2019 · Asada et al. — Effects of hydrogen-rich water bath on visceral fat and skin blotch, with boiling-resistant hydrogen bubbles.

Medical gas research

2018 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Bath / Topical Drinking (HRW)

2018 · Zhu — Positive Effects of Hydrogen-Water Bathing in Patients of Psoriasis and Parapsoriasis en Plaques

Scientific reports

2018 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2018 · Da Ponte — Effects of Hydrogen-Rich Water on Prolonged Intermittent Exercise

The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness

2015 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Inhalation Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

2015 · Ishibashi et al. — Improvement of psoriasis-associated arthritis and skin lesions by treatment with molecular hydrogen: A report of three cases.

Molecular medicine reports

2013 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2013 · Shimouchi et al. — Molecular hydrogen consumption in the human body during the inhalation of hydrogen gas.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology

2013 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2013 · Song et al. — Hydrogen-rich water decreases serum LDL-cholesterol levels and improves HDL function in patients with potential metabolic syndrome.

Journal of lipid research

2012 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2012 · Ostojic — Serum alkalinization and hydrogen-rich water in healthy men.

Mayo Clinic proceedings

2012 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2012 · Shimouchi et al. — Estimation of Molecular Hydrogen Consumption in the Human Whole Body after Ingestion of Hydrogen-Rich Water

Advances in experimental medicine and biology

2010 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2010 · Nakao — Effectiveness of hydrogen rich water on antioxidant status of subjects with potential metabolic syndrome - an open label pilot study

Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition

2003 Pilot / Observational Human H₂ therapy Drinking (HRW)

2003 · Huang — Reduced hemodialysis-induced oxidative stress in end-stage renal disease patients by electrolyzed reduced water.

Kidney international

2026 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2026 · Yang — Molecular hydrogen suppresses gut inflammation and pyroptosis in ulcerative colitis through promoting PKM2 lactylation to block NLRP3 inflammasome activation.

International immunopharmacology

2026 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2026 · Yano — Electrolyzed Hydrogen Water Improves Chemosensitivity to Anticancer Drugs by Potently Suppressing Autophagy

Journal of cellular and molecular medicine

2026 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2026 · Cao — A Hydrogen Generator Enhances Immunogenic Transarterial Chemoembolization in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society

2026 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2026 · Wu — Hydrogen Ameliorates Psoriasis-Like Skin Inflammation via Inhibiting the cGAS-STING Pathway

Clinical and experimental immunology

2026 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2026 · Qin — Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Hydrogen-Generating Zn-Doped ReZIF-8 Nanoplatform for Enhanced Tumor Suppression

Advanced healthcare materials

2025 Mechanism / Preclinical Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Jingxuan — Four-dimensional Data Independent Acquisition Proteomics and Metabolomics Reveal Mechanisms of Hydrogen-rich Water at Zusanli (ST36) Point against Triple-negative Breast Cancer in Mice

Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan

2025 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Seya — Hydrogen-rich Gas Enhances Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Respiratory Function Recovery in Caco-2 Cells Post-ischemia-reperfusion Injury

Biochemical and biophysical research communications

2025 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Cao — Nanobiocatalyst-Driven Spatiotemporal Hydrogen Delivery Induces Dormancy Potentiated Catalytic Tumor Therapy.

ACS nano

2025 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Qiu — 3D printing combined with pH-induced 4D printed iron(III)-oxidized starch gels for controlled iron delivery and enhanced iron supplementation.

Carbohydrate polymers

2025 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2025 · Liu — Hydrogen-induced disruption of the airway mucus barrier enhances nebulized RNA delivery to reverse pulmonary fibrosis.

Science advances

2025 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2025 · An — Hydrogen activates ACOD1-itaconate pathway to ameliorate steroid-associated osteonecrosis

Biomaterials

2024 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2024 · Li — Hydrogen-rich water alleviates asthma airway inflammation by modulating tryptophan metabolism and activating aryl hydrocarbon receptor via gut microbiota regulation.

Free radical biology & medicine

2024 Mechanism / Preclinical Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

2024 · Chen — Hydrogen-rich water alleviates constipation by attenuating oxidative stress through the sirtuin1/nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway.

World journal of gastroenterology

2024 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2024 · Wang — Combined use of hydrogen-rich water and enzyme-digested edible bird's nest improves PMA/LPS-impaired wound healing in human inflammatory gingival tissue equivalents.

Human cell

2024 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2024 · Lu et al. — Decoupling the Mutual Promotion of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Mitigates Cognitive Decline and Depression-Like Behavior in rmTBI Mice by Promoting Myelin Renewal and Neuronal Survival

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie

2023 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2023 · Makav — The effect of hydrogen-rich water on letrozole-induced polycystic ovary syndrome in rats

Reproductive biomedicine online

2023 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2023 · Wu — Ultrasound-Driven Piezoelectrocatalytic Immunoactivation of Deep Tumor

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

2023 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2023 · Meng — Hydrogen-rich water treatment targets RT1-Db1 and RT1-Bb to alleviate premature ovarian failure in rats

PeerJ

2023 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2023 · Zhu — Inorganic Nanosheet-Shielded Probiotics: A Self-Adaptable Oral Delivery System for Intestinal Disease Treatment

Nano letters

2022 Mechanism / Preclinical Bath / Topical Drinking (HRW)

2022 · Chen et al. — Photocatalytic Glucose Depletion and Hydrogen Generation for Diabetic Wound Healing

Nature communications

2022 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2022 · Asiain-Mira et al. — Hydrogen Production from Urea in Human Urine Using Segregated Systems

Water research

2022 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2022 · Ostojic — Hydrogen-Rich Water as a Dietary Activator of Brown Adipose Tissue and UCP1?

Annals of nutrition & metabolism

2022 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2022 · Adzavon — Long-term and daily use of molecular hydrogen induces reprogramming of liver metabolism in rats by modulating NADP/NADPH redox pathways

Scientific reports

2022 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2022 · Bulut — Hydrogen-rich water can reduce the formation of biogenic amines in butter

Food chemistry

2022 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2022 · Mouzakis — Quantification of dissolved H₂ and continuous monitoring of hydrogen-rich water for haemodialysis applications: An experimental study

The International journal of artificial organs

2022 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2022 · An — Gender-based differences in neuroprotective effects of hydrogen gas against intracerebral hemorrhage-induced depression

Neurochemistry international

2022 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2022 · Mizutani — Hydrogen-rich water reduced oxidative stress and renal fibrosis in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction.

Pediatric research

2021 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Yin et al. — Hydrogen Gas with Extracorporeal Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Improves Survival after Prolonged Cardiac Arrest in Rats

Journal of translational medicine

2021 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2021 · LeBaron et al. — An H₂-Infused, Nitric Oxide-Producing Functional Beverage as a Neuroprotective Agent for TBIs and Concussions

Journal of integrative neuroscience

2021 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Ohta et al. — Reply to „Discussion: Drinking Hydrogen Water Enhances Endurance and Relieves Psychometric Fatigue: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study”

Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology

2021 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Falster et al. — Discussion: Drinking Hydrogen Water Enhances Endurance and Relieves Psychometric Fatigue: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study

Canadian journal of physiology and pharmacology

2021 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Kato — Carcinostatic effects of alkanoyl ascorbate plus platinum nano-colloid and stabilization of the esterolytically resultant ascorbate by hydrogen

Human cell

2021 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Li et al. — Hydrogen-rich water attenuates the radiotoxicity induced by tritium exposure in vitro and in vivo

Journal of radiation research

2021 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2021 · Ostojic — Does drinking water rich in hydrogen gas revive brain hypometabolism in neurodegeneration by SCFAs upregulation?

European journal of clinical nutrition

2020 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2020 · Kwon — Antioxidant Activity of Hydrogen Water Mask Pack Composed of Gel-Type Emulsion and Hydrogen Generation Powder

International journal of molecular sciences

2020 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2020 · Li — Hydrogen Water Alleviates Paraquat-induced Lung Fibroblast Injury In Vitro by Enhancing Nrf2 Expression

Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University

2020 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2020 · Kiyoi — Constitutive Hydrogen Inhalation Prevents Vascular Remodeling via Reduction of Oxidative Stress

PloS one

2020 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2020 · Ruaud — Syntrophy via Interspecies H₂ Transfer between Christensenella and Methanobrevibacter Underlies Their Global Cooccurrence in the Human Gut.

mBio

2020 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2020 · Yang — Hydrogen inhibits endometrial cancer growth via a ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD-mediated pyroptotic pathway.

BMC cancer

2020 Mechanism / Preclinical Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

2020 · Jiao — Protective effects of hydrogen-rich saline against experimental diabetic peripheral neuropathy via activation of the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium channel in rats.

Molecular medicine reports

2019 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2019 · Li et al. — Effect of hydrogen-rich water on the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in rats with myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes

2019 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2019 · Bordoni — Positive Effect of an Electrolyzed Reduced Water on Gut Permeability, Fecal Microbiota and Liver in an Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease

PloS one

2019 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2019 · Yamasaki — Effects of hydrogen-rich water in a rat model of polycystic kidney disease.

PloS one

2019 Mechanism / Preclinical Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

2019 · Fan — Acid-Responsive H₂-Releasing 2D MgB₂ Nanosheet for Therapeutic Synergy and Side Effect Attenuation of Gastric Cancer Chemotherapy.

Advanced healthcare materials

2018 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2018 · Jackson — Effects of alkaline-electrolyzed and hydrogen-rich water, in a high-fat-diet nonalcoholic fatty liver disease mouse model

World journal of gastroenterology

2018 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2018 · Yuan — Hydrogen-rich water attenuates oxidative stress in rats with traumatic brain injury via Nrf2 pathway

The Journal of surgical research

2018 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2018 · Ostojic — Inadequate Production of H₂ by Gut Microbiota and Parkinson Disease

Trends in endocrinology and metabolism: TEM

2017 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2017 · Murakami — Molecular hydrogen protects against oxidative stress-induced SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell death through the process of mitohormesis

PloS one

2017 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2017 · Xing — Hydrogen Rich Water Attenuates Renal Injury and Fibrosis by Regulation of TGF-β-Induced Sirt1

Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin

2017 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2017 · Kim — Inhibition of Streptococcal Biofilm by Hydrogen Water

Journal of dentistry

2017 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2017 · Han — Hydrogen Treatment Protects against Cell Death and Senescence Induced by Oxidative Damage

Journal of microbiology and biotechnology

2017 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2017 · Rigdon — Evaluation of Alkaline Electrolyzed Water to Replace Traditional Phosphate Enhancement Solutions: Effects on Water Holding Capacity, Tenderness, and Sensory Characteristics

Meat science

2016 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2016 · Franceschelli — New Approach in Translational Medicine: Effects of Electrolyzed Reduced Water (ERW) on NF-κB/iNOS Pathway in U937 Cell Line under Altered Redox State

International journal of molecular sciences

2016 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2016 · Lin — Molecular Hydrogen Suppresses Activated Wnt/β-catenin Signaling

Scientific reports

2016 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2016 · Hara — Molecular Hydrogen Alleviates Cellular Senescence in Endothelial Cells

Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society

2016 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2016 · Muramatsu — Hydrogen-Rich Water Ameliorates Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) in Newborn Rats

Pediatric pulmonology

2015 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2015 · Lin et al. — Hydrogen-rich water attenuates amyloid β-induced cytotoxicity through upregulation of Sirt1-FoxO3a by stimulation of AMP-activated protein kinase in SK-N-MC cells.

Chemico-biological interactions

2015 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2015 · Shi et al. — Hydrogen Therapy Reduces Oxidative Stress-associated Risks Following Acute and Chronic Exposure to High-altitude Environment.

Biomedical and environmental sciences : BES

2015 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2015 · Nkamga et al. — Diversity of human-associated Methanobrevibacter smithii isolates revealed by multispacer sequence typing.

Current microbiology

2014 Mechanism / Preclinical Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

2014 · Zhang et al. — Effect of hydrogen-rich water on acute peritonitis of rat models.

International immunopharmacology

2014 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2014 · Brenner — Parkinson's disease may be due to failure of melanin in the Substantia Nigra to produce molecular hydrogen from dissociation of water.

Medical hypotheses

2014 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2014 · Mano et al. — Maternal molecular hydrogen administration ameliorates rat fetal hippocampal damage caused by in utero ischemia-reperfusion.

Free radical biology & medicine

2012 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2012 · Sun et al. — Oral intake of hydrogen-rich water inhibits intimal hyperplasia in arterialized vein grafts in rats.

Cardiovascular research

2011 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2011 · Schoenfeld — Hydrogen Therapy May Reduce the Risks Related to Radiation-Induced Oxidative Stress in Space Flight

Medical hypotheses

2010 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2010 · Asada — Antitumor effects of nano-bubble hydrogen-dissolved water are enhanced by coexistent platinum colloid and the combined hyperthermia with apoptosis-like cell death.

Oncology reports

2010 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

2010 · Liu — Oral administration of mannitol may be an effective treatment for ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Medical hypotheses

2010 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2010 · Bolca — Microbial equol production attenuates colonic methanogenesis and sulphidogenesis in vitro.

Anaerobe

2009 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2009 · Suzuki — Are the effects of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors on cardiovascular events related to elevated levels of hydrogen gas in the gastrointestinal tract?

FEBS letters

2008 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2008 · Ye — Inhibitory effect of electrolyzed reduced water on tumor angiogenesis.

Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin

2006 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2006 · Lee et al. — Electrolyzed-reduced water protects against oxidative damage to DNA, RNA, and protein

Applied biochemistry and biotechnology

2002 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

2002 · Peterson — Tritium doses from chronic atmospheric releases: a new approach proposed for regulatory compliance.

Health physics

2000 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

2000 · Pletnev — Crystal structure of bovine duodenase, a serine protease, with dual trypsin and chymotrypsin-like specificities.

Proteins

1999 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Saline / IV Drinking (HRW)

1999 · Ishikawa — A preventive effect of a selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist, S-0139, on the erythropoietin-induced reduction of the renal cortical blood flow.

Urological research

1995 Mechanism / Preclinical Drinking (HRW)

1995 · Gillespie — Energetics of Molecular Hydrogen Oxidation in the Oral Pathogen Campylobacter rectus

Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

1991 Mechanism / Preclinical Inhalation Drinking (HRW)

1991 · Kawano — Protective Effect of Rebamipide (OPC-12759) on the Gastric Mucosa in Rats and Humans

Nihon yakurigaku zasshi. Folia pharmacologica Japonica